University  of  California  •  Berkeley 

Bequest  of 
Anson  and  Anita  Blake 


Park  and  Pavement. 


BY 


GEO.  HANSEN. 


Part  I. 


What  is  a  Kindergarten  ? 


What  is  a  Kindergarten? 


GEO.  HANSEN, 

LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECT 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


D.  P.  ELDER  AND  MORGAN  SHEPARD, 

8AN   FRANCISCO,    1891. 


vn 


COPYRIGHTED,    1901 

WASHINGTON,   D.  C.  AND  STATIONERS'   HALL,  LONDON 
BY 

GEO.   HANSEN 


LOUIS  ROESCH  CO.,  PRINTERS,  S.F 


x*-^-" 


^ 


'*  Close  the  lid  of  the  trunk  and  strap  the  satchels.  Let 
us  turn  the  back  to  the  city  and  run  for  the  country  where 
dear  grandfather  expects  his  flock  for  the  holidays  !" 

The  last  railroad  station  is  behind  us,  and,  through  fields  of 
waving  grain  whence  larks  rise  to  the  clouds  to  praise  the 
glorious  summer,  the  way  leads  to  the  village  where  grand- 
father reigns  over  the  diocese  of  Jeinsen  and  its  tributary 
ecclesiastics. 

Here  is  my  kindergarten.  Acres  upon  acres,  with  houses 
and  barns,  with  a  walnut  tree  overshading  the  home  of  dozens 
of  rooms,  with  wasps  in  knot-holes,  with  meadows  on  slopes  to 
willowy  brook,  with  cows  and  horses,  with  chickens  and  hay- 
stacks, and,  be  sure  to  note  such,  the  old  family  coach  in  the 
shed. 

And  here  is  my  kindergartner. 

Behold  the  venerable  figure  as  it  passes  along  the  lanes 
greeted  with  bow  and  lift  of  cap  by  old  and  young  alike. 
His  office,  with  piles  of  papers  with  foreign  stamps,  and  with 
instruments  of  all  descriptions,  was  a  veritable  museum  to 
us.  It  never  needed  a  bell  to  call  us  to  the  daily  lessons. 
We  were  there  upon  the  minute  to  listen,  now  to  a  talk  on 
the  wonders  of  the  waterdrop,  then  to  the  descriptions  of 

8 


barbaric  tribes  in  far  away  Isles.  Oh,  let  me  dwell  upon 
that  important  day  when  I  received  my  first  lesson  in  graft- 
ing trees  !  I  think  of  him  now  as  a  saint  as  he  knelt  on  his 
crutched  cane  and  helped  me  splice  the  scion  and  the  stock. 
I  trust  the  day  may  come  when  I  may  pilgrim  with  our  son 
to  that  spot,  as  I  do  now  in  fond  imagination  ! 

As  I  listen  to  the  happy  prattle  of  the  child  at  my  knees, 
and,  looking  into  its  eyes  see  the  same  brightness  and  color 
as  the  eyes  of  my  kindergartner,  why  should  I  believe  that 
the  simple  sandstone  monument  near  the  bleak  commons  of 
far-away  Herzberg-am-Harz  marks  the  spot  where  all 
that  I  embraced  of  him  rests  for  ever?  And  my  kindergar- 
ten, do  I  not  see  it  now  —  this  very  minute  !  I  walk 
up  to  the  portal  and  find  him  seated  on  the  green 
garden-bench  as  of  old.  The  large  rosebed  spreads  out 
before  him,  with  the  Kaiser  von  Marocco,  the  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh, the  Marechal  Niel,  the  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison,  all 
those  sturdy  old-timers  which  we  budded  to  the  twigs  of  the 
standards.  There  he  sits,  the  wide  screening  cap  drawn 
over  his  face  to  protect  the  eyes  from  the  glaring  sun.  And 
the  thoughts  which  go  through  his  mind  as  he  sits  there  on 
the  evening  of  his  life  ?  Oh,  reader  mine^  I  have  looked  into 
his  eyes  so  many  times  that  I  trust  —  at  last  —  I  have  caught 
these  threads  of  thoughts  and  woven  them  in  new  ply  and 
new  woofs.  Here  they  are,  covered  by  the  lid  which  reads: 

What  is  a  kindergarten? 


CONTENTS. 

INTRODUCTION. 

THE  CHILDREN'S  GARDEN. 

Companionship  of  plant  and  man. 

Sidewalk  Trees. 

Fruit-bearing  Shrubs. 

Flowering  Shrubs. 

Vines  and  Climbers. 

Berries. 

Perennial  Border. 

Bulbous  Plants. 

The  Toy  Garden. 

The  Vegetable  Garden. 

Various  Plants. 

The  Lawn. 

Our  Zoological  Park. 

Care  of  Plants  and  Grounds. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATES. 

Kindergarten  on  a  twenty-five  foot  lot. 
Kindergarten  on  a  fifty  foot  lot. 
Kindergarten  on  a  one  hundred  foot  lot. 
Planting  of  a  Kindergarten  on  a  fifty  foot  lot. 
Planting  of  a  Kindergarten  on  a  one  hundred  foot  let. 

APPENDIX. 

Hips  from  a  wayside  Brier. 


INTRODUCTION. 


A  kindergarten — a  children's  garden.  We  have  accepted 
the  term  for  our  language,  but  have  not  absorbed  its  fullest 
meaning.  With  this  I  do  not  say  that  Froebel,  the  most 
fundamental  of  all  reformers,  understood  a  kindergarten  to 
consist  of  walks  and  lawn  and  plants  with  happy  children  as 
the  fortunate  possessors.  I  mean  more.  The  writer  of  these 
paragraphs,  who  never  attended  an  established  kindergarten 
and  yet  enjoyed  the  kindergarten  in  its  most  unrestricted 
meaning,  who  developed  in  a  profession  on  just  such  lines  as 
Froebel  laid  down,  feels  it  his  duty  to  build  upon  and  build 
out  Frcebel's  lines  with  the  aid  of  his  professionalism.  I 
have  in  mind  a  kindergarten  which  has  added  to  all  of 
Frcebel's  methods  the  fullest  complement  which  nature  can 
place  within  a  child's  reach  and  comprehension. 

This  land  of  vast  dimensions  must  do  more  than  merely 
accept  Froebel's  teachings.  We  must  improve  upon  them, 
and  bestow  upon  them  that  liberality  which  is  ours,  as  soon 
as  an  occasion  appeals  to  us.  The  time  is  drawing  close 
when  the  kindergartens  will  be  made  part  of  our  free 
school  system.  How  will  we  be  prepared  for  such 
change?  Shall  we  move  from  the  empty  stores  and  vacant 
flats,  now  set  aside  for  our  children,  to  the  basements  of  the 
school  buildings?.  Let  us  give  the  matter  our  most  earnest 
study,  and  let  us  realize  that  it  is  easier  to  direct  the  run  of 
a  brooklet  than  to  change  the  volume  of  a  deeply  bedded 
river.  The  broad  acres  of  our  United  States  are  yet  com- 


paratively  undivided,  and,  except  where  the  most  expensive 
real  estate  demands  business  buildings  to  tower  skyward, 
none  are  too  costly  to  furnish  the  ground  upon  which  our 
kindergartens  shall  be  founded.  Let  us  insist  at  the  very 
outset  of  our  movement  upon  the  proper  reservation,  and 
nothing  will  prevent  us  from  securing  for  our  children  what, 
through  them,  will  redound  to  far  more  benefit  to  the  land 
than  the  most  gorgeous  improvement  we  could  devise. 

The  kindergarten  as  I  design  it  is  not  an  ideal.  It  is  a 
composition  of  everyday  facts,  the  attainment  of  which  is  a 
matter  of  principle,  not  of  effort.  One  hundred  foot  frontage 
of  a  lot  of  average  depth  is  the  proper  size  for  our  grounds, 
whether  such  be  a  part  of  some  school  grounds  or  laid  out 
by  itself.  Every  other  lot  of  less  acreage  is  a  makeshift.  Our 
improvement  must  impress  as  a  home,  and  as  such,  requires 
neither  a  board  fence  nor  a  hedge  as  a  barrier.  The  house 
should  be  of  rural  design,  perhaps  with  wide  eaves  and 
shingled,  or  of  plaster  work.  The  ground  floor  should  be  taken 
up  by  the  schoolrooms,  and  the  upper  story,  or  half  story, 
by  the  living  rooms  of  the  kindergartner.  Whoever  is  in 
charge  of  the  premises  has  to  make  her  home  in  them.  Do 
not  attempt  to  impress  a  child  with  the  sanctity  of  home  in 
spaces  which  chill  from  lack  of  a  cheering  voice.  I  speak 
of  a  woman  when  referring  to  the  kindergartner.  Children 
of  the  age  of  four  to  six  years  are  to  be  associated  here,  and 
at  that  time  they  need  a  woman  as  caretaker.  It  needs  her 
endless  patience,  her  ever  ready  care  to  rear  the  child.  On  a 
one-hundred  foot  lot  three  class  rooms  can  find  accommodation 
and  playgrounds.  Aside  from  accustomed  use  our  grounds 

10 


can  and  should  serve  as  day  nursery  for  the  neighborhood. 
There  may  not  be  a  woman  near  who  is  forced  to  work  out 
and  leave,  during  such  time,  the  care  of  her  children  to 
others,  but  many  a  mother  would  gladly  embrace  the  op- 
portunity to  leave  her  little  ones  in  such  surroundings  when 
duty  calls  her  from  home.  The  kindergartner  requires 
assistance,  and  her  associates,  as  they  are  trained  for  the 
work,  are  the  proper  ones  to  attend  such  cases  during  non- 
school  hours. 

I  have  nothing  to  suggest  towards  the  teachings  in  the 
schoolroom.  My  purpose  is  to  exemplify  how  our  task  of 
forming  the  child's  mind  can  be  rendered  easier  and  more 
correct.  I  want  to  do  such  through  the  agency  of  outdoor 
exercise  amongst  plants  and  flowers,  and  I  give  a  list  of  those 
which  are  the  most  important,  mentioning  also  some  which 
are  to  be  avoided.  The  connection  between  plant-life  and 
human-life  is  fully  as  intimate  as  people  demonstrate  every 
day.  It  is  for  a  good  reason  that  at  the  birthday  of  friends 
we  express  our  wishes  through  flowers.  We  know  that 
our  sympathy  for  the  bedridden  is  more  tenderly  worded 
through  the  language  of  blossoms.  And  when  the  end 
has  come  to  those  dear  to  us,  we  bedeck  them  with  the 
choicest  flowers  we  are  able  to  procure  from  garden  and  field. 
We  compare  a  man  to  an  oak,  a  woman  to  a  birch,  a  girl  to 
a  lily,  a  boy  to  a  weed.  This  surely  has  foundation  in  reason. 
Yet,  the  teacher  shall  not  attempt  to  explain  any  of 
the  habits  of  those  plants  with  which  I  insist  the  child 
should  be  surrounded.  Some  of  those  habits  are  not  yet 
understood;  others  are  not  comprehensible  for  a  child; 

u 


and  those  which  are  evident  in  their  natural  simplicity 
will  reveal  themselves  to  the  child  in  due  season.  Re- 
member, every  child  in  your  charge  is  an  Edison,  every  tot 
a  Columbus,  and  the  idealizing  disposition  of  all  of  them  sees 
a  Garden  of  Eden  in  a  vacant  lot.  I  insist  upon  mere 
association  of  plants  and  children.  Even  if  the  habits  of 
the  former  are  apparently  overlooked  by  those  less  responsive 
to  the  development  of  bough  and  leaf,  the  fact  of  having 
been  in  such  association  will  make  itself  manifest  in  after- 
years.  Through  the  company  of  plants  we  add  an  element 
of  attraction,  and  a  stimulus  for  which  nothing  else 
can  be  substituted.  We  should  carefully  discriminate  in 
what  is  to  surround  our  children  at  this  age.  If  we  are 
successful  in  our  attempts,  we  will  be  able  to  do  away  with 
the  multitude  of  palatial  reform  schools  and  improvement 
leagues  of  all  descript  and  nondescript.  If  a  community 
would  establish  sufficient  kindergartens  of  such  type,  it 
would  require  only  one  generation  to  remodel  the  morals  of 
its  population.  We  mold  and  reform  in  every  direction,  and 
maintain  the  most  complicated  machinery  for  the  application 
of  so-called  justice ;  whereas,  the  mere  investment  in  simple 
kindergartens  would  render  unnecessary  the  endless  ramifica- 
tions of  those  institutions.  The  existence  of  jails  and  asylums 
is  no  credit  to  a  nation.  It  is,  in  the  first  place,  admission 
of  the  fact  that  the  early  life  of  its  people  has  been  neglected. 
Give  me  a  nation  whose  youth  is  reared  in  kindergartens 
like  mine,  and  a  prophetic  voice  exclaims :  "To  forbid  a 
citizen  to  re-enter  his  home  for  a  period  of  years  will  be  the 
worst  punishment  you  could  inflict  upon  a  wrong-doer," 


THE 
CHILDREN'S   GARDEN. 


COMPANIONSHIP  OF  PLANT  AND  MAN. 


The  division  of  the  grounds  is  only  a  part  of  the  designing 
of  the  landscape  architect.  Through  it  we  are  supposed  to 
be  placed  in  full  possession  of  and  communication  with  the 
attractions  which  the  setting  is  to  furnish.  Yet,  while  the 
partition  of  the  area  admits  of  ready  correction,  as  the  foot 
will  make  the  trail  where  its. passage  is  justified,  the  setting, 
while  finished,  undergoes  a  constant  development.  The 
forms  as  molded  are  the  embryo,  as  it  were,  and  every 
season's  growth  brings  out  more  clearly  either  the  mistakes 
or  the  advantages  of  the  artist's  design.  It  is  seldom  that 
we  see  the  value  of  the  setting  placed  above  and  beyond  the 
importance  of  the  division,  and  for  that  very  reason  I  take 
the  pains  to  positively  state  that  the  value  of  my  booklet  is 
mainly  in  this  part  of  the  designing. 

The  principle  upon  which  I  found  my  doctrin  is  consistency 
of  association.  I  am  forbidden  to  apply  such  throughout 
the  design  of  a  kindergarten,  because  I  have  to  select  mainly 
with  the  idea  of  associating  the  child  with  the  plants,  not 
plants  with  plants  and  children.  But  even  in  this  regard  I 
have  assumed  responsibility,  the  justification  of  which  the 
child  will  prove,  if  the  grown  man  will  remain  incredulous. 
As  soon  as  we  set  out  a  plant,  we  make  it  a  prisoner.  It 

15 


may  die  of  want  of  proper  condition,  as  it  is  called,  of  home- 
sickness, as  I  dare  put  it.  Remember,  it  is  firmly  bedded 
where  men  placed  it,  not  in  a  position  of  its  own  choosing. 
Has  it  ever  struck  you  why  so  many  annuals  have  to  be  sown 
and  re-sown  only  to  disappear  as  the  new  season  opens? 
You  may  offer  dozens  of  reasons,  all  of  which  may  prove 
correct.  But  let  me  add  one,  the  importance  of  which  has  not 
appealed  to  everybody :  the  seed  was  sown  where  it  could 
not  naturalize.  I  will  illustrate  by  a  few  instances  why 
plant-life  offers  such  attraction  to  the  scientist  and  such 
infatuation  to  the  poet. 

The  common  dandelion  has  traced  civilization  wherever 
it  penetrated  unexplored  regions.  We  call  it  a  weed,  scientists 
term  it  a  cosmopolitan  and  permit  it  to  upset  all  the  rules  of 
plant  geography.  May  I  put  the  question :  why  does  this 
dandelion  follow  the  step  of  man  wherever  he  goes? 

Along  the  path  from  my  home  to  the  village  grow  tufts 
and  tufts  of  a  plant  very  similar  to  dandelion  (Agoseris). 
I  leave  my  home  at  an  hour  when  the  sun  has  risen  just  above 
the  tops  of  the  pines  and  gum-trees  overshadowing  the  path. 
Why  is  it  these  dandelions  all  look  into  my  face  at  this  morn- 
ing hour?  Is  it  because  I  stand  with  the  rise  of  the  sun  and 
they  have  turned  their  golden  faces  to  greet  its  glory?  But 
more  than  that.  Why  is  it  that  on  cloudy  days  this  sea  of 
faces  is  gone,  as  it  were,  and  I  have  to  walk  amongst  them 
to  be  able  to  greet  them? 

Let  me  select  another  everyday  companion  of  ours  for 
illustration.  Along  the  roadsides  grows  a  flattened  weed 
of  unpretending  appearance.  It  belongs  to  the  buckwheat 

16 


family  (Polygonum  aviculare)  and  is  grayish-green  as  much 
in  stem  as  in  leaf.  It  bears  insignificant  blooms  of  whitish- 
pink  close  to  the  prostate  stem.  This  plant  becomes  the 
more  plentiful  the  more  you  approach  human  habitation  and 
is  in  its  glory  if  trampled  under  foot.  More  than  that  even, 
it  will  do  best  when  in  a  dusty  road  where  driven  over,  day 
after  day,  by  wagon  wheels.  I  recollect  stopping  over,  th0 
eve  before  I  reached  the  Calaveras  Grove  of  Big  Trees  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  range,  in  an  offing  along  the  roadside  at 
an  elevation  of  about  4,500  feet.  Even  if  I  had  not  found 
scantlings  and  pieces  of  boards  along  the  gulch  and  tumbled 
down  cabins  under  the  shelter  of  trees,  the  lawn  of  this 
Polygonum  weed,  as  it  spread  closely  to  the  ground  all  over 
the  knoll,  would  have  told  me  that  man  had  a  place  of  abode 
at  this  spot.  Further  investigation  did  show  even  more. 
Here  where  people  had  left  the  range  and  no  more  teams 
traveled  and  no  foot  pressed  down  the  sod,  the  plants  were 
smaller  and  half  erect.  And  as  it  is  there,  so  it  is  near  your 
front  door.  The  further  your  Polygonum  weed  is  removed  from 
the  roadside,  the  more  erect  it  becomes, 'even  if  in  a  place 
entirely  free  from  other  herbs.  And  wherever  you  trace 
this  weed  in  other  positions  where  the  surroundings  may 
appear  to  be  in  contradiction  to  what  I  explain,  show  patience 
and  await  development.  Remember,  that  unlike  seasons  pro- 
duce varying  results  and  that  it  is  far  different  for  a  plant, 
especially  a  weed,  to  grow  in  a  place,  than  to  be  naturalized  in 
that  particular  spot. 

These   examples  have  presented   relations   of  plants   to 
human  kind.     I  beg  leave  to  illustrate  an  instance  where 

17 


insect-life  is  so  intimately  connected  with  plant-life  that  its 
mere  mentioning  will  justify  the  stress  I  layjupon  association. 
Over  the  swamps  of  Madagascar,  attached  to  trees,  dangle 
the  air-roots  of  a  gigantic  orchid,  Angraecum  sesquipedale. 
Sideways  to  the  flattened  growth  of  stem  and  leaf  stand  the 
spikes  adorned  with  large  shining  stars  of  ebony  flowers. 
The  odor  of  this  bloom  is  noticeable  in  day-time  and  strong 
when  night  sets  in.  Truly,  nothing  could  prove  plainer  that 
there  is  a  relationship  between  the  odor  and  the  insect  which 
is  about  in  those  regions  at  eventide  only. 

But  let  us  follow  this  plant  and  insect.  The  monstrous 
nightmoth  has  to  rest  upon  the  labellum  of  the  starry  flower 
to  unroll  its  long  proboscis  and  reach  down  to  the  store  of 
nectar  accumulated  for  its  attraction  in  a  spur  of  ten  inches 
and  more.  The  sexual  organs  of  this  orchid  are  so  constructed 
that  only  cross-fertilization  will  satisfy  its  requirements. 
Many  orchids  assume  a  rigidity  after  such  act  has  been  per- 
formed, others  wilt  and  hang  lifeless  over  the  vital  organs. 
This  orchid  belongs  to  the  former  class,  and  to  further  pro- 
tect the  spot  where  its  life  has  reached  the  summit  of  devel- 
opment, it  folds  the  side  wings  over  that  place  for  protection 
against  further  disturbances  from  unsought  visitors. 

I  offer  no  explanation  for  this  fact,  nor  have  I  answered 
any  of  the  previously  put  questions.  I  mention  them  to 
prove  the  existence  of  relationship  far  deeper  founded  than 
the  general  observer  ever  dreams  of.  I  recite  them  as  an 
introduction  to  my  list  of  plants  for  the  kindergarten  and  I 
will  not  attempt  more  than  to  suggest  points  of  interest  for 
the  child  in  the  plants  selected. 

18 


Later  on  I  give  two  illustrations  how  these  kindergartens 
could  be  planted,  mention  plants  which  are  suitable,  and 
point  out  some  which  should  be  avoided.  For  any,  one 
to  plant  promiscuously  any  or  all  of  the  species  mentioned 
in  any  kindergarten  is  as  absurd  as  to  take  a  certain  number 
of  any  group  and  try  to  associate  them  with  a  fraction  of 
the  lists  of  another.  Every  single  spot  planted  requires  a 
setting  of  its  own,  dependent  upon  surroundings,  upon  ex- 
posure, upon  local  climate,  upon  the  fancy  of  the  designer, 
and  is  the  work  of  a  professional.  My  views  are  expressed 
in  relation  to  temperate  climes,  and,  while  I  indicate  a  few 
kinds  which  will  prove  too  tender  for  some  localities,  there 
are  plenty  to  select  from  for  any  requirement. 


SIDEWALK  TREES. 

What  the  frame  is  to  a  picture,  the  sidewalk  tree  is  to  a 
house;  both  are  needed.  The  Elm  should  be  avoided.  Its 
flowers  count  for  little  and  its  dimensions  forbid  setting  on 
a  small  thoroughfare.  The  Horse-chestnut  is  excellent  for 
wide  avenues  but  will  not  succeed  in  warm  climates  where 
smaller  growing  Buckeyes  should  take  their  place.  Maples 
are  good  and  offer  additional  attraction  in  their  seeds  which 
are  ever  welcome  to  the  varied  purposes  the  child  will  find 
for  them  in  its  play.  But  the  streets  should  be  at  least 
eighty  feet  wide  for  a  Maple.  Tuliptrees  are  acceptable  in 
warm  climates  ;  in  cooler  ones  they  outgrow  their  space. 
Mulberries  are  good  everywhere,  in  dry  positions  as  well  as 

19 


in  moist.  So  is  the  Birch,  and  very  attractive  to  the  child  and 
deeply  impressive  through  its  graceful  character.  Its 
pendulous  limbs  suggest  lightness  and  airiness.  The 
bark  offers  many  interesting  ideas,  and  a  little  scribbling 
on  its  paper  surface  is  treasured  highly.  The  Aspen,  full- 
brother  to  the  Birch,  is  decidedly  to  be  avoided.  It  is  irritat- 
ing to  grown  persons,  and  for  a  child  to  be  forced  to  see  it, 
and  ever  again  see  it,  is  absolutely  criminal.  Poplars  are 
satisfied  to  stand  in  dry  or  wet  soil,  and  while  their  dimen- 
sions are  needful  of  large  space,  they  will  do  well  for  a  long 
time  in  even  narrow  streets,  as  they  permit  of  great  abuse. 
But  they  should  be  as  far  as  possible  from  plantations,  partly 
on  account  of  the  suckers  which  they  send  out,  partly  be- 
cause they  harbor  a  large  number  of  insect  pests.  Alders 
will  do  best  in  wet  spots,  but  are  satisfactory  also  in  dry 
places.  Their  many  charms  consist  in  the  catkins,  ear- 
liest of  any  in  the  season,  and  the  burrs  later.  Their  rigid 
growth  is  an  objection  of  little  weight.  All  Locusts  are 
good,  the  pink  one  especially  offers  a  beautiful  green  and 
an  attractive  blossom.  The  commonest  will  do  well  in  the 
most  disadvantageous  positions.  The  Hawthorns  are  much 
to  be  preferred,  and,  with  a  little  judicious  thinning,  will 
never  assume  the  unclean  appearance  which  they  have  in 
warm  climates.  Their  flowers  are  rich  hunting  grounds  for 
bees,  and  their  berries  are  delightful  to  every  child.  The 
Mountain  Ash,  as  well  as  the  Oak-leaved  Ash,  are  trees  which 
we  neglect  too  much  altogether.  It  is  surprising  how  well 
this  tree  of  northern  climes  will  do  in  warm  zones.  Its  reg- 
ular crop  of  bright  berries  is  attractive  to  old  and  young 

20 


alike.  The  Maidenhair  Tree  (Gingko)  is  proper  yet  rather  too 
foreign  for  a  child.  Larch  and  Bald  Cypress  (Taxodium) 
will  do  in  some  exceptional  cases.  Acacias  should  be  avoided 
inside  the  grounds  on  account  of  the  rapid  growth  and  the 
dimensions  which  they  assume.  They  are  good  sidewalk 
trees  in  warm  regions,  their  odor  adding  to  the  attractive- 
ness of  their  graceful  flowers. 

The  limited  space  of  our  grounds  forbids  the  setting  out 
of  trees.  We  must  resort  to  large  shrubs  for  the  elevated 
lines.  Amongst  them  are  the 

FRUIT- BEARING  SHRUBS. 

of  first  importance,  the  more  so,  as  all  of  them  also  display 
attractive  blossoms. 

A  Crab-apple  is  a  child's  delight.  In  bloom  and  downy 
foliage  before  any  other  variety,  it  is  richly  hung  with 
blossom  and  develops  a  sure  crop  of  fruit.  Of  the  many 
varieties  those  with  painted  cheeks  are  preferable.  Com- 
pare the  amount  of  pleasure  to  be  derived  from  such  a 
tree  with  the  limited  charms  of  a  large  fruited  apple, 
like  the  Alexander,  or  the  massiveness  of  a  Pound  Pear. 
The  boys  are  sure  to  fight  over  the  yet  green  fruit  of  the 
Alexander,  whereas  the  Crab  furnishes  fruit  for  the  entire 
school.  Plums  are  also  welcome  ;  the  Japanese  varieties 
always  produce  fruit,  which  is  acceptable  and  early  as  well, 
as  are  also  some  varieties  of  Cherry,  Plum  and  Gages.  The 
Damson  is  a  bush  which  should  not  be  missed.  Its  astringent 
fruit  is  a  boy's  delight,  and  the  amount  of  temptation  to  im- 

21 


pose  upon  the  palate  of  fellow  playmates  or  acquaintances 
is  great  and  permissible.  Quinces  are  very  good.  Their 
peculiar  foliage,  their  very  large  bloom  and,  later,  the  fruit 
with  its  unsurpassable  odor  are  attractive  in  every  phase  of 
development.  To  store  away  the  fruit  for  months  and  let 
the  children  enjoy  its  perfume  at  Christmas  is  much  appre- 
ciated by  them.  I  refer  also  to  Flowering  Quinces.  The 
many  varieties  of  vari-colored  blossom  are  charming  to  a 
child.  This  is  the  more  conspicuous  as  the  blossom  is  de- 
veloped so  very  early  in  the  season.  If  space  should  forbid 
the  free  planting  of  such  a  shrub,  it  can  be  trained  against  a 
wall  and  spread  fan-shaped.  As  our  kindergartens  are  apt 
to  be  caged  in  amongst  higher  buildings,  this  mode  of  train- 
ing espalier  should  be  adopted  for  many  shrubs.  Every  one 
thus  trained  will  be  far  more  attractive  in  its  way  than 
massive  vines  which  render  a  place  chilly  and  require  more 
attention.  The  Medlar  is  also  a  good  tree,  but  of  secondary 
importance  only.  The  Persimmon  is  excellent.  It  reminds  one 
of  an  Orange  and  will  impress  a  child  for  the  rest  of  its  life 
through  the  strange  development  of  foliage  and  fruit,  a  fruit 
as  odd  as  it  is  glorious  in  appearance.  The  Hazelbush 
should  be  in  every  yard,  and,  while  the  green  f  oliaged  kinds 
of  any  Filbert  Nut  are  pleasing,  the  purple  variety  is  better, 
as  it  introduces  a  shade  of  coloring  which  no  other  shrub 
in  our  selection  possesses.  What  child  would  not  delight 
in  the  slender  catkins,  little  streamers  hanging  from  the 
branches,  sending  forth  their  showers  of  pollen  dust  in 
due  time  ?  And  then  the  nut  hidden  in  its  cap  of  frills 
and  tucks  !  How  much  more  alluring  than  the  naked  nut 

22 


from  the  grocer's  sack  are  these  nuts,  especially  when  dots 
for  eyes  and  mouth  are  added  and  a  whole  little  face  tucked 
within  this  natural  bonnet. 

Of  bushes  of  less  dimensions  than  those  enumerated  which 
bear  also  attractive  fruit-stands,  I  mention  the  following. 
Brier  Roses  are  pleasing  through  their  bloom,  their  bright 
colored  hips  and  also  through  their  delightful  odor.  Rosa 
pomifera  should  be  resurrected  from  its  forgottenness  and 
be  set  out  oftener  even  than  the  Japanese  Rosa  rugosa. 
Purple  Fringe,  or  Smoke  Tree,  is  attractive  through  its 
strangeness  in  foliage  as  well  as  in  fruit-stand,  yet  a  child 
will  always  be  unconsciously  impressed  as  if  those  were  a 
foreign  element  in  its  garden.  Spindle-tree  might  well  be 
set  out,  though  of  secondary  importance.  Snowberries  are 
very  acceptable,  the  more  so  as  they  fill  in  spaces  and  corners, 
shady  and  forbidding,  where  hardly  any  other  shrub  will 
succeed. 

In  the  golden  leaved  Elder  we  have  the  best  opportunity 
of  introducing  a  color  of  foliage  which  is  permissible  with 
this  variety.  It  forms  a  bright  object  and,  aside  from  the 
fruit  of  the  bush,  the  pith  of  the  boughs  offers  material  for 
many  pretty  toys.  Staphylea  might  be  mentioned  as  of 
secondary  value. 

In  the  so-called  Duck-plant  and  in  Colutea  we  have  some 
of  the  most  enticing  objects  a  kindergarten  should  possess. 
The  former  (Sutherlandia)  will  do  well  only  in  warm  climes, 
and  in  cold  regions  should  be  planted  out  under  glass  in  all 
of  those  places  where  a  greenhouse  can  be  added.  Its  hollow 
fruit-bags  assume  the  shape  of  a  veritable  duck,  bill  and  tail 

23 


and  all,  and  set  upon  a  dish  with  water,  a  child  will  find  a 
toy  which  will  keep  it  busy  for  many  moments,  if  not  hours. 
Colutea  is  a  poor  substitute  for  this  attraction,  but  will  do 
well  outdoors  in  any  climate.  Its  inflated  fruit-bag  can  be 
made  to  burst  with  a  loud  report. 


FLOWERING  SHRUBS. 

The  bloom  of  early  spring  is  the  most  attractive  bit  of  life 
with  which  we  can  brighten  a  child's  days.  The  awakening  of 
nature  is  eagerly  watched  for  by  young  and  old,  and  the 
earliest  blossom  is  the  dearest  of  any.  If  there  be  no  other 
space  to  set  out  in  green  or  color,  the  assembly  of  the  Peach 
or  Almond,  the  Lilac  or  Laburnum,  the  Cherry  or  Plum,  and 
the  Pussy-willow  should  always  be  found  with  the  children. 
To  them  might  be  added  the  Snowball,  and  of  Currants,  the 
golden  or  the  purple.  The  Weigelia  and  Deutzia  are  of 
minor  importance.  So  is  also  the  Forsythia,  though  its 
golden  shower  of  bloom  before  the  foliage  appears  renders  it 
an  attractive  object,  suggesting  its  Chinese  origin  without 
offensiveness.  A  Cornelian  Cherry  (Cornus  Mas)  will  find 
room  where  high  shrubs  are  called  for  and  where  little  light 
and  attention  can  be  given  to  them.  I  mention  Chimonanthus, 
Halesia,  Xanthoceras  and  Exochorda,  as  beautiful  and  good, 
also  Calycanthus,  the  Soap  Shrub,  and  the  Mock  Orange, 
Philadelphia.  The  Spiraeas  and  Brooms  lead  the  way  into 
warmer  days,  and  there  is  so  great  a  number  of  them  that 
their  selection  must  be  left  to  the  detail  work  of  designing 

24 


any  single  kindergarten.  The  Tamarix,  the  rival  of  the 
Heather,  is  the  daintiest  flowering  shrub  for  summer  days  and 
is  very  modest  in  expectation  as  to  soil  and  care.  Heathers 
are  very  charming  for  kindergartens.  Diosma,  Breath  of 
Heaven,  is  a  very  good  shrub  in  warm  countries,  and  its 
sweet-scented  foliage  does  not  indicate  that  the  roughest 
exposure  will  be  gladly  accepted  by  the  plant. 

Shrubs  with  sub-tropical  appearance  are  not  needed  to 
complete  a  kindergarten,  yet,  I  mention  those  which  permit 
of  use  and  are  attractive  to  the  child.  All  dwarf  Magnolias 
are  objects  of  admiration  for  the  young,  especially  the  M. 
Soulangeana.  An  Aralia,  be  it  A.  spinosa  or  Japonica,  is  a 
wonder  in  itself  as  it  spreads  out  its  umbrella-shaped  foliage 
with  thin  flower-stands  in  their  midst.  Catalpa  and  Paulownia 
are  very  noble  trees  but  should  be  near  the  property-line  or 
be  put  out  as  sidewalk  trees. 

Shrubs  with  spines  and  thorns  are  to  be  established 
only  where  no  injury  can  happen  to  the  child.  The 
Holly  is  dear  to  many  and  will  fulfill  the  greatest  of  expecta- 
tion. Where  its  spines  are  feared,  put  out  some  of  the 
evergreen  Barberries,  or  perhaps  a  few  of  the  thorny  Haw- 
thorns, which,  as  well  as  the  Barberries,  furnish  very  bright 
stands  of  fruit. 

We  should  not  leave  the  trees  and  shrubs  without  mention- 
ing a  few  which  can  find  worthy  application  under  excep- 
tional conditions.  I  have  in  mind  the  weeping  varieties  of 
trees,  like  Ash,  Willow,  Caragana,  Cherry,  Elm  and  Mulberry, 
any  one  of  which  might  be  used  to  shape  the  arbor  at  the 
entrance  to  our  grounds.  Also,  two  coniferous  trees. 

25 


Of  these  a  Christmas  Spruce  should  have  a  free  stand, 
though  it  would  there  assume  dimensions  which  we  cannot 
forever  set  aside  in  our  space.  But  there  is  no  need  to 
retain  such  Spruce  after  it  reaches  a  height  of  fifteen  feet 
when  it  should  be  replaced  by  a  young  one.  For  the  children 
to  be  able  to  decorate  some  kind  of  a  Christmas  tree  in  their 
own  grounds  is  a  delight  with  charms  entirely  its  own.  I 
mention  here  that  these  Spruces  will  suffer  a  great  deal  of 
abusive  treatment,  and,  if  space  should  not  permit  a  better 
place,  they  may  be  planted  where  they  will  develop  rather 
one-sided.  The  other  coniferous  tree  is  the  Larch.  We 
have  to  select  far  more  deciduous  plants  than  evergreen 
ones,  partly  because  the  latter  would  render  the  grounds  too 
damp,  partly  on  account  of  the  charms  with  which  the  decid- 
uous shrubs  surprise  us  when  nature  again  dons  its  green 
dress.  And  at  that  very  time  the  Larch  is  the  brightest 
green  shade  tree  we  have.  In  the  midst  of  winter  its  slender 
branches  are  as  attractive  as  a  string  of  beads.  And  these 
purplish  cones  forming  already  on  young  specimens,  —  is  a 
baby's  ear  shaped  more  daintily? 

Ere  I  pass  on  to  other  plants  of  woody  growth,  I  have  to 
mention  a  list  of  those  offering  characters  which  are  either 
meaningless  to  a  child,  or  of  such  strange  expression  that, 
for  such  reason  only,  the  child  will  pay  attention  to  them. 

Foremost  amongst  them  are  the  Fuchsias  and  the  Lobster 
Claw  (Clianthus  and  Erythrina).  A  child  will  make  free  to 
some  extent  with  the  former  for  the  simple  reason  that  it 
meets  with  those  blooms  wherever  it  beholds  a  garden.  But 
there  is  chill  about  the  flower  which  forbids  the  child  to  show 

26 


affection  toward  it.  This  is  truer  yet  with  the  oddly-shaped 
Lobster  Claws.  The  little  ones  may  select  them  on  account 
of  their  bright  color,  but  the  build  of  the  blossom  is  foreign 
to  its  sympathies. 

The  Double  Pssonies  are  meaningless  to  a  child,  while  the 
single  ones  are  good,  but  almost  too  large  to  be  acceptable. 
The  Hydrangeas,  gorgeous  as  they  are,  mean  very  little  to 
it.  We  may  select  a  specimen  of  them  to  place  as  a  show- 
piece near  the  door  of  our  house;  but  the  child  will  look  at 
the  plant  only  with  astonishment.  So  with  the  Snowball 
whose  lifeless  colored  leaflets  lack  even  the  character 
of  stamens.  It  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  flowers 
which  are  not  visited  by  insects  are  objects  of  no  interest 
to  a  child. 

The  golden  flowered  Corchorus  (Kerria)  from  China,  the 
single  as  well  as  the  double,  are  objects  of  curiosity,  but 
we  seek  objects  with  which  a  child  will  make  familiar.  The 
same  can  be  said  about  the  Pomegranate  with  its  shiny 
foliage  and  its  gorgeous  bloom.  Abutilons  are  attractive 
enough,  and  the  varieties  of  those  many  beautiful  colorings 
from  which  we  can  select  are  tempting,  but  how  much  more 
charm  does  not  a  child  derive  from  the  Canterbury  Bell? 

To  shrubs  like  Jasmine,  Heliotrope,  and  Lemon  Verbena 
the  unaffected  child  remains  indifferent,  and  their  strong 
odors  are  no  justification  for  associating  their  kind  in  our 
grounds. 


27 


VINES  AND  CLIMBERS. 

The  airy  build  of  the  trailing  and  climbing  plants  exerts  a 
powerful  influence  over  a  child.  It  is  true  that  all  plants 
grow  and  show  variation  in  height  and  vigor,  but  the 
additional  equipment  of  tendrils  and  the  winding  character 
gives  to  the  vines  a  heightened  interest.  The  ascending  of 
the  Morning  Glory,  and  the  twisting  of  grasping  leaves  of 
the  Clematis,  do  not  need  to  be  pointed  out  to  the  child. 
They  speak  for  themselves.  The  care  which  these  plants 
require  in  fastening  their  runners  and  rearranging  what 
became  twisted  will  appeal  to  a  child  as  the  address  of 
friends.  Let  a  child  observe  now  and  then  how  such  care 
has  to  be  applied,  and  the  little  girl  will  make  it  a  sacred 
duty  to  look  out  for  some  certain  vines,  and  thus  be  educated 
for  life's  earnest  duties. 

I  want  to  speak  a  word  of  warning  about  the  careless  set- 
ting out  of  climbers.  I  mention  here,  as  at  several  other 
points,  that  the  appointment  of  any  grounds  is  work  for  a 
professional,  and  to  him  should  be  left  the  perfect  arrange- 
ment of  vines  in  the  limited  grounds.  In  none  of  the  areas 
I  deal  with  is  there  room  for  a  Passion  Vine.  Yet,  if  its 
most  peculiar  flowers  are  considered  needful  to  fascinate  a 
child's  attention,  plant  it  at  the  entrance  or  at  the  outside 
fence.  The  same  should  be  said  about  Tacsonias,  either  of 
which  kinds  succeed  only  in  warm  climes.  It  is  not  at  all 
unlikely  that  in  climes  where  the  Cobaea  scandens  will  grow, 
such  vine  would  be  picked  out  first  of  any  as  the  best  to 
clothe  a  wall  or  fence.  I  emphasize  that  its  rapidity  of  trail- 

28 


ing  is  very  entertaining,  and  that  its  mode  of  fastening  is 
always  plain  to  the  investigating  eye  of  a  child.  The  flowers, 
also,  are  large  and  bold,  and  the  changing  from  pale-green 
to  purple  is  another  feature  to  attract  attention.  But  this 
vine  should  be  grown  only  as  an  annual  and  never  be  per- 
mitted to  chill  or  dirty  any  kindergarten  with  the  enormity 
of  its  runners. 

Aristolochia,  the  Dutchman's  Pipe,  this  noble  leafed  vine 
with  its  odd  flowers,  as  well  as  all  Tecomas  and  Bignonias, 
might  well  be  placed  against  the  house.  Plants  which  are 
trained  as  vines  yet  are  only  spreading,  thin  wooded  bushes, 
should  be  omitted  in  preference  to  the  many  other  shrubs 
we  have  to  select  from.  In  this  class  belong  Tecoma  Ca- 
pensis.  Plumbago,  and  the  White  Jasmine  (J.  officinale). 
Akebia  quinata  is  so  peculiar  a  vine,  and  its  handsome  fo- 
liage of  such  originality,  that  we  should  try  to  find  a  place 
for  it  where  its  evergreen  character  will  not  chill  the  spot, 
nor  its  spread  interfere  with  the  care  which  can  be  paid  to  it. 

I  do  not  believe  in  setting  out  any  single  one  of  our 
garden  Roses.  Yet,  there  are  a  few  Climbing  Roses  which 
deserve  a  place.  The  single  Cherokee  is  foremost  amongst 
them.  Wichuraiana  Roses  are  also  worthy  of  a  place,  but 
of  others  which  display  nothing  but  a  mass  of  color  at  time 
of  bloom,  I  must  maintain  that  our  space  is  too  limited  to 
waste  it  by  permitting  uncalled  for  gorgeousness.  The 
Wistaria  is  a  very  noble  climber,  and  the  higher  we  train  it 
the  better  will  it  succeed  and  the  more  will  it  absorb  the 
children's  attention.  Of  Honeysuckles  the  deciduous  variety 
is  the  only  one  suitable.  Its  profusion  of  flowers,  its  OVer- 


powering  odor  and  its  handsome  foliage,  are  the  very 
characters  which  raised  it  to  such  importance  in  song  and 
folk-lore.  All  Grapevines  are  desirable.  Is  the  position  ad- 
vantageous enough  to  permit  the  setting  out  of  fruit-bearing 
varieties,  so  much  the  better.  These  vines  should  train  high 
around  the  windows  of  the  upper  story.  The  Wild  Grapevine, 
Vitis  riparia,  is  so  sweet  in  odor  that  it  deserves  a  spot  where 
cultivated  kinds  will  not  thrive.  Their  relations,  the  Vir- 
ginia Creeper,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  and  the  Boston  Ivy, 
A.  Veitchii,  should  be  in  every  kindergarten.  Both  are 
handsome  in  foliage,  both  are  glorious  in  the  rich  tints  of 
autumn.  And  while  the  former  has  a  depth  of  color  which 
the  latter  does  not  display,  the  original  way  in  which  it 
attaches  itself  to  the  walls  against  which  it  is  trained  makes 
it  an  object  which  cannot  be  neglected.  Our  gardens  are  apt 
to  face  some  building  at  one  side  or  other.  Against  such  this 
Boston  Ivy  should  be  planted  to  take  care  of  itself.  The 
higher  area  should  be  reserved  for  it  exclusively,  whereas  in 
the  lower,  the  climbing  Ficus  repens  should  find  the  spot 
which  it  will  cover.  It  will  succeed  only  in  warmer  climates, 
but  there  it  forms  a  charming  object  because  of  its  charac- 
teristic foliage,  the  mode  in  which  this  spreads  out,  and  the 
unusual  green  which  it  shows,  planted  either  in  shade  or  in 
sunny  exposure. 

Is  it  necessary  to  speak  at  length  about  the  merits  of 
the  Clematis,  and  is  it  possible  to  give  either  variety  the 
preference,  large  or  small  flowering  kinds  ?  All  of  them 
are  grand  for  our  purpose  ;  all  of  them  appeal  to  the 
child  and  its  fancies.  The  large  flowering  kinds  have 

30 


faces  as  bright  as  stars,  as  warm  as  flowers,  and  their  thin 
wood  permits  of  general  and  plentiful  setting  out.  The 
small  flowering  kinds,  with  their  bushes  and  bouquets  like 
orange  blossoms,  are  a  wonderful  sight.  Again,  they  are 
deciduous  and  can  be  placed  where  thick  shade  is  needed 
during  summer-time  and  dryness  during  the  cool  part  of  the 
year.  And  as  their  handsome  runners  permit  cutting  back 
and  trimming  just  as  fancy  dictates,  the  stands  of  fluify  seed 
in  fall  are  again  an  attraction  for  the  child,  equaled  only  by 
the  Smoketree.  If  we  set  out  some  Hop-roots,  let  us  be 
careful  lest  we  overstock  the  place  with  the  runners  which 
are  extremely  dangerous  in  their  spreading  habit.  Yet,  the 
vines  climb  with  rapidity  and  should  be  set  out  where  little 
else  will  succeed,  and  their  handsome  fruit-stands  are  again 
the  furnisher  of  many  pleasant  moments  for  our  little  ones. 
Jasminum  nudiflorum  is  a  much  neglected  climber  but  a  very 
welcome  one  for  our  purposes.  Could  you  find  a  more 
pleasant  duty  than  to  point  out  to  your  children  the  first 
bloom  after  winter  has  lost  its  severity  ?  No  leaf  is  about 
and  the  greenish  wood  is  barely  an  indication  of  life.  But 
those  showers  of  yellow  bells,  as  they  hang  all  over  the 
runners,  will  be  remembered  by  the  child  for  its  future  life. 
Most  of  the  annual  vines  should  be  given  over  to  the  toy- 
gardens  of  our  little  charges.  Instance  the  Morning-glories. 
Could  we  add  more  description  than  their  names  indicate  ? 
Let  me  say  only  that  the  teacher  will  find  great  pleasure 
and  arouse  renewed  and  lasting  interest,  if  she  will  make 
selection  of  the  different  colors  and  distribute  the  seed 
accordingly.  Let  some  tots  also  have  mixed  seed  and  let 

31 


each  imagine  what  its  crop  will  be  like.  Similar  charm  is 
offered  by  the  Runners,  the  scarlet  as  well  as  the  white.  They 
have  clear  and  solid  colors  and  the  crop  of  beans  to  be  har- 
vested from  them  is  the  delight  of  the  children.  The  little 
girl  will  find  a  meal  to  take  to  mother,  while  the  boy  may 
grow  his  supply  of  beans  to  trade  for  marbles  when  such 
pastime  is  in  season.  Nasturtiums  are  good  anywhere  and 
at  all  times.  Neglect  the  running  kinds  in  preference  to  the 
dwarf  ones  and  take  advantage  of  the  many  varieties  which 
our  seed  firms  now  place  upon  the  market.  This  vine  more 
than  any  other  invites  the  child's  care  to  lay  up  seed  for 
the  coming  season,  and  can  we  instil  more  noble  ideas  into 
its  young  mind  than  to  encourage  such  traits  in  it  ? 

Lophospermum  scandens  is  a  vine  which  will  succeed  in 
warm  positions  only,  but  there  it  is  a  revelation  with  its 
hundreds  of  flowers,  each  one  of  which,  tucked  away  amongst 
woolly-fleeced  foliage,  likens  a  lion's  throat. 

Ere  I  close  the  list  of  climbers,  I  have  to  mention  a  trailer 
which  is  small  as  well  as  pretty.  The  Kenilworth  Ivy 
(Linaria  Cymbalaria),  Mother  of  Thousands.  It  should  be 
set r  out  in  many  places,  and  as  often  as  the  rough  boy  may 
destroy  what  the  careful  sister  has  set  out,  this  grateful 
vine  will  again  produce  results  from  the  small  piece  the 
intruder  may  have  spared. 

Of  fruit-bearing  vines,  the 

BERRIES 

form  a  group  by  themselves,  and  are  to  play  an  important 
part  in  our  kindergarten  setting.  The  berries  should  be  so 

32 


distributed  that  they  can  produce  ample  crops,  and  such 
kinds  should  be  selected  which  will  assure  regular  returns. 
Select  proper  positions  and  arrange  your  grounds  that  the 
toy-gardens  receive  their  supply  of  berries  in  preference  to 
fences  and  boundaries,  so  that  the  little  ones  may  claim 
proprietary  rights  in  the  many  vines.  Select  of  Blackberries 
and  their  hybrids  those  which  bear  freely  while  not  growing 
too  rankly.  Raspberries  and  Currants  must  be  represented 
as  well  as  a  few  bushes  of  Gooseberries. 


THE  PERENNIAL  BORDER. 

This  must  furnish  us  the  greatest  diversity  of  bloom  with 
the  least  amount  of  caretaking.  There  is  no  need  whatever 
for  any  spot  to  be  without  a  plant,  and  the  ground  under  trees 
and  along  shrubbery  should  be  amply  furnished  with  a 
selection  of  herbaceous  plants.  A  climate  like  that  we  enjoy 
in  California  should  produce  flowers  from  the  first  of  the 
year  to  the  last  of  December,  and  our  efforts  should  be 
directed  mainly  to  selecting  those  which  will  impress  the 
child  as  marking  distinct  periods.  Again,  we  may  associate 
similar  growth  and  bloom  and  harmonizing  color-shades,  and 
yet  have  a  wide  selection.  But  I  lay  the  greatest  stress 
upon  the  avoidance  of  all  those  plants  which  mean  no  more 
to  the  child  than  a  mass  of  color.  Such  effects  confront  us 
in  every  garden,  and  while  people  are  justified  in  grouping 
and  massing  in  places  where  home  grounds  have  to  rely  upon 
a  wealth  of  color,  in  our  limited  area  there  must  be  no  plant 


which  means  color  and  color  only.  I  have  already  objected 
to  the  Garden  Roses  and  Hydrangeas  and  add  now  the  great 
mass  of  Geraniums.  Not  one  should  be  planted  in  our 
kindergartens  unless  it  be  a  vari-colored  f oliaged  one,  varie- 
ties which  usually  lack  in  brightness  of  bloom.  A  bunch  of 
flowers  picked  by  the  child  as  it  passes  along  the  beds  — 
and,  surely,  we  do  not  intend  to  punish  our  charges  for  such! 
—  should  attract  the  eye  less  than  the  thought.  Plants 
which  produce  a  sudden  burst  of  color  are  excepted  from 
such  iron-clad  rule.  To  them  belong,  for  instance,  the 
Gladiolus  and  Flags.  Either  of  them  is  a  stately  plant  and 
the  glow  of  the  coloring  of  the  former  specially  gives  the 
child  a  surprise  which  we  cannot  equal  with  other  kinds. 

The  greatest  importance  is  placed  by  me  upon  those 
flowers  which  have  faces,  as  it  were.  A  child  well  notices 
the  difference  such  blossoms  display  when  they  are  held  one 
way  or  another.  And  if  he  does  not,  are  we  not  to  develop  him 
through  association  of  characters  which  will  shapen  his 
mind  and  ideas?  It  is  in  days  of  after-years  that  he 
recalls  the  impressions  he  now  receives  while  under  our 
care.  What  is  not  understood,  or  realized,  for  years  and 
years,  the  mere  fact  that  it  exerted  a  silent  influence  bears 
results  no  matter  how  irresponsive  the  mind  appeared  to  be 
at  the  time  it  was  subjected  to  this  association. 

The  Pansies  take  foremost  rank  amongst  the  flowers  with 
faces.  But  a  Pansy  is  not  a  Pansy  by  any  means.  It  re- 
quires exactly  as  much  care  to  raise  a  poor  flower  as  the 
most  noble  of  all,  and  it  is  our  sacred  duty  that  we  raise 
nothing  but  the  most  perfect.  The  faces  of  Pansies  are  like 

34 


those  of  humanity :  all  of  them  are  interesting,  and  while 
some  are  so  exceptionally  attractive  as  to  call  for  universal 
notice,  others  display  but  few  qualities  to  redeem  them 
from  the  commonplace.  Moreover,  there  are  worse  than 
commonplace  faces  amongst  the  Pansies.  Some  are  so 
utterly  vulgar  that  their  appearance  in  any  place  is  to  be 
avoided,  more  especially  with  us,  who  are  to  select  the  in- 
viting, and  pick  from  it  the  most  appropriate  only.  Next 
to  the  Pansies  come  the  handsome  Violas,  a  strain  so  sweet 
and  simple  in  their  delicate  tints  that  we  may  well  place  a 
large  number  of  seedlings  in  care  of  our  little  gardeners. 
Then  the  single  Violets.  Perhaps  some  wonder  that  I  ascribe 
a  face  to  a  Violet.  But  such  it  has,  and  its  sincere  features, 
its  modest  nobility,  have  won  for  it  the  admiration  of  poet 
and  artist  through  all  ages.  Whenever  you  are  in  doubt  how 
to  fill  a  space  here  or  there,  put  in  a  violet  and  remember 
that  it  flowers  the  better  the  of tener  the  little  tots  transplant 
it  and  the  more  bloom  is  picked  off  for  bouquets. 

Of  other  f  aced-flowers  I  mention  the  long  list  of  all  Pea-vines 
no  matter  of  what  description  or  sort.  Be  they  Lathyrus, 
the  Sweat  Pea,  or  the  grand  spikes  of  the  noble  Lupines, 
they  are  all  welcome  in  our  garden. 

Another  large  family  is  formed  by  the  Snapdragons  and 
honey-storing  Sedges.  I  class  here  the  so-called  Lionsmouth, 
Antirrhinums  and  Linarias,  as  well  as  Pentstemons  and 
Mimulus  of  all  kinds  and  almost  any  color.  Remember,  also, 
the  common  wayside  weed  Dead  Nettle,  Lamium  album 
and  purpureum,  as  they  grow  along  hedges  and  pathways  in 
the  old  country.  No  bloom  has  a  richer  supply  of  honey,  and 

35 


what  the  bees  do  not  take  to  satisfy  their  needs,  the  children 
will  pluck  and  absorb. 

Leonotus  Leonurus  is  one  of  the  most  stately  herbs  we 
could  set  out,  and  their  whirls  on  gigantic  stems  attract 
through  their  odd  color  and  their  odd  build. 

The  glorious  Foxgloves  and  the  Monk's  Hood  (Aconite) 
have  to  be  omitted  on  account  of  their  poisonous  qualities. 
The  family  of  Larkspurs,  so  rich  in  blue  or  bright  in  scarlet 
(Delphinium  nudicaule)  should  hang  out  their  unusual  colors 
in  summertime  when  bloom  begins  to  be  scarce. 

Let  us  make  sure  lest  we  forget  the  Bleeding  Heart.  This 
shrub  has  attracted  attention  and  absorbed  the  interest  of 
young  and  old  ever  since  the  day  of  its  introduction.  With 
this  plant  the  child  should  learn  to  appreciate  the  individual 
flower,  and  desist  from  plucking  the  long  spray.  Such  can 
be  accomplished  by  inducing  the  child  to  discover  all  the 
interesting  parts  which  compose  this  flower.  Our  wild  species 
of  less  showy,  yet  very  similar,  build  should  find  room  some- 
where. Their  small  rootstocks  will  produce  an  abundance  of 
modest  blooms  in  any  out-of-the-way  place  we  may  assign  to 
them. 

The  Cyclamens  and  Dodecatheons  are  a  child's  treasure 
wherever  it  meets  with  them.  The  very  name  given  to  the 
latter  in  the  region  about  here,  "Shooting  Star"  and 
"Johnny-jump-up,"  are  so  characteristic  of  a  child's  fancy 
that  we  may  well  know  that  in  the  early  spring  these  flowers 
are  picked  by  the  children  in  great  numbers. 

For  sake  of  comparison  I  mention  the  Pelargoniums,  or 
Lady  Washingtons,  as  they  are  called  in  some  parts.  They 

36 


belong  to  the  class  of  flowers  with  faces.  But  their  features 
appear  painted  and  the  mass  of  color  is  so  profusely  dis- 
played that  every  bloom  loses  its  character  as  a  flower. 
They  must  be  avoided  in  our  grounds.  If  the  kindergartner's 
fancy  takes  more  friendly  to  these  flowers  than  mine  does,  let 
me  ask  her  to  set  out  those  varieties  only  which  show  rich 
markings  in  deep  contrast.  I  have  in  mind  the  deep-velvety 
maroon  and  red  kinds  which  are  sufficiently  beautiful  to 
redeem  all  of  those  vulgar  magenta  varieties  which  are  so 
repulsively  displayed  in  ever  so  many  gardens.  Our  grounds 
are  small  and  the  number  of  plants  from  which  we  may  select 
so  great,  that  we  can  well  afford  to  let  the  children  get 
acquainted  with  the  Pelargoniums  in  other  gardens  than 
their  own. 

All  other  flowers  in  our  herbaceous  border  may  be  classed 
as  mere  ornaments,  lacking  personality.  But  the  varieties 
from  amongst  them  which  deserve  notice  are  legion,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  enumerate  the  best  only. 

The  Hellebore,  or  Christmas  Rose,  is  really  beautiful  only 
where  the  snow  covers  the  ground  in  winter,  and  while  we 
may  grow  it  to  satisfaction,  we  must  forego  its  dearest  friend- 
ship if  we  can  not  show  the  children  how  this  flower  will 
come  up  through  the  snow. 

Of  Primroses  we  cannot  have  too  many.  Let  us  select 
those  only  which  are  clear  in  color  (Polyanthus)  and  well 
defined  in  their  marking.  The  old-fashioned,  sweetscented 
Cowslip  should  be  represented,  and  the  Primula  acaulis 
should  be  found  in  the  toy-garden  of  every  child.  These 
plants  are  kind  enough  to  withstand  all  abusive  care  our 

37 


little  ones  may  bestow  upon  them.  Liverwort,  Hepatica, 
and  Lungwort,  Pulmonaria,  are  other  kind  messengers  of 
spring.  Forget-me-nots  should  be  everywhere  and  those 
varieties  which  require  more  watering  should  be  handed  over 
to  the  busy  hands  about  the  toy-gardens.  Likewise,  Daisies 
may  be  left  to  all  the  abuse  the  little  gardeners  will  afflict. 
Repeated  handling  seems  to  be  appreciated  by  them,  and  it 
will  be  the  very  plant  which  may  be  looked  after  every  other 
week  to  see  whether  it  is  making  roots. 

Anemones  in  all  their  glory  should  furnish  a  great  amount 
of  variation  in  our  border.  While  the  herbaceous  kinds 
flower  late  in  summer,  the  bulbous  varieties  may  readily  be 
handed  over  to  the  little  hands  and  a  liberal  supply  be  par- 
celed out  to  the  toy-gardens.  They  are  the  very  flowers 
which  will  amply  repay  with  bloom,  and  that  of  such  a  color- 
ing as  will  swell  the  pride  of  the  little  nursery  folks. 

The  perennials  furnish  us  a  choice  variety  for  summer- 
flowering  plants.  All  the  Sunflowers  and  Black-eyed  Susans 
are  stately  and  well  endowed  with  bloom.  Marguerites  flower 
all  the  year  round.  The  colored  Pyrethrums  in  their  many 
pleasing  shades  bring  about  variety  and  charm.  The  Michel- 
mas  Daisies  conclude  the  display  of  their  kinds  in  fall. 
Some  Dahlias,  also,  should  be  set  out  and  the  taking  care 
through  winter  of  their  bulbs  in  cooler  climes  places  further 
responsibility  upon  the  little  gardeners.  The  single  blooms 
are  the  most  appropriate  in  our  gardens. 

The  herbaceous  Spiraeas  and  their  relatives  are  all  a  sweet 
assembly  and  their  graceful  flowerstands  are  an  attraction  in 
any  place.  Spiraaa  filipendula  is  the  queen  of  their  kind  and 


S.  Ulmaria  the  king.  Gypsophila,  Baby's  Breath,  is  unique  in 
its  light,  airy  build. 

The  stately  rows  of  Hollyhocks  should  find  room  where 
their  majestic  spires  may  display  in  the  full  sun,  and  both 
the  single  as  well  as  the  double  are  to  be  favored,  giving  the 
preference  to  the  former.  Perchance  a  Mullein  should  be 
thrown  in  to  raise  its  golden  bloom  on  velvety  stalks.  The 
rosette  of  foliage  of  the  plant  in  the  first  year  is  an  at- 
traction in  itself  and  arouses  great  expectation  for  the 
season  to  come.  The  Canterbury  Bells  are  another  biennial, 
and  their  chimes  will  be  repeated  from  many  a  little  one's 
lips  as  it  adds  the  sound  to  the  handsome  bell.  Phlox,  Pride 
of  the  Meadow,  with  its  handsome  heads  of  flowers  and  the 
agreeable  perfume,  should  replace  the  gaudy  Hydrangeas  in 
our  kindergarten.  Columbines  in  all  varieties  are  welcome 
to  ample  space  in  our  limited  area,  and  the  more  they  spread 
and  reach  out  their  handsome  flowers  in  natural  array,  the 
more  welcome  they  should  be  for  our  selection.  The  yellow, 
red  and  white  varieties  are  the  most  suitable,  and  buff  and 
misty  colors  should  be  avoided. 

The  Carnation  family  is  an  association  from  which  we  may 
take  all  those  forms  which  remind  us  of  the  state  they  were 
in  before  cultivation  and  mast-culture  distorted  them.  Hunt 
up  the  oldest  single  pink  and  the  little  carnation  so  sweet 
and  so  simple,  with  which  every  old-fashioned  garden  bor- 
ders its  beds.  Refuse  to  plant  a  double  carnation.  Their 
association  favors  ideas  and  conceptions  which  we  fall  into 
only  too  quickly  when  we  grow  up.  The  more  double  a  pink, 
the  less  it  is  a  pink.  The  wild  Dianthus  and  Lychnis,  the 


Red  Robins  and  the  Lychnis  flos  cuculi  are  good  friends.  So 
is  Silene  inflata,  a  plant  which  will  be  endeared  to  every 
child  on  account  of  the  peculiarly  inflated  calyx. 

Out  of  all  the  multitude  of  perennials  which  could  be 
mentioned  with  perhaps  just  as  much  justification  as  those  I 
have  listed,  there  are  two  which  I  place  last  in  the  list  and 
first  in  importance.  The  St.  John's  Wort,  Hypericum,  is  the 
most  interesting  of  all  summer  flowers.  Their  liberal  display 
of  stamens  makes  them  at  once  the  handsomest  and  most  in- 
viting of  all  blooms  in  color  at  that  time  of  the  year.  They 
flower  abundantly,  need  little  care  and  their  yellow  is  clear 
and  rich.  The  other  plant  is  the  old,  dear  old  Red  Top 
Clover.  The  leaves  are  attractive  as  clover  leaves  are,  and 
the  stem  builds  itself  firmly  and  stately,  displaying  the  hand- 
some flower  to  wind  and  weather,  to  sun  and  clouds.  A 
bouquet  in  itself,  every  single  bloom  is  a  store  of  sweet 
honey.  This  every  child  knows,  you  never  need  draw  its  at- 
tention to  it.  And  is  there  a  more  interesting,  a  more 
idyllic  picture  in  nature  than  to  see  the  bee  climb  from 
bloom  to  bloom,  gently  nodding  to  and  fro,  and  spend  time 
over  the  rich  harvest  it  is  reaping  ? 

Amongst  the  clover  sow  a  few  seeds  of  Anthyllis  Vulne- 
raria  and  Ornithopus  rativus,  the  Kidney  Vetch  and  the 
Serradella. 


40 


BULBOUS  PLANTS. 

Does  it  need  more  than  the  mere  mentioning  of  Snowdrop 
and  Daffodil,  Anemone  and  Crocus  to  call  to  mind  the  sweet- 
est charms  with  which  nature  has  endowed  us?  Flora  has 
no  other  children  alike  beautiful,  alike  innocent,  alike  fleet- 
ing. They  spring  up  like  beloved  children,  grow  sweet  and 
charming  and,  as  if  they  were  too  precious  to  be  soiled 
through  contact  with  the  world,  they  pass  to  the  homes 
whence  they  came.  But  with  every  new  awakening  of  nature 
they  return  as  dainty  as  ever,  brightly  arrayed  in  their 
heavenly  robes  of  surpassing  purity  to  renew  their  yet  vivid 
impression  from  the  season  before.  And  are  not  these  the 
flowers  of  the  children?  Why  does  a  tot  reach  for  the 
Snowdrop,  why  does  it  break  the  Fairy-maid,  why  is  the 
Narcissus  its  companion,  greeted  as  a  friend  as  soon  as 
beheld? 

And  if  these  are  children  of  the  spring-time  which  I  have 
named,  there  are  also  grown  up  and  developed  members  of 
the  bulbous  garden.  Not  all  of  them  fade  away  like  the 
Crocus,  some  ripen  to  womanhood  and  charm  us  as  the  sea- 
sons pass  on.  They  are  the  Watsonias,  the  Gladiolus,  the 
Tigridias,  the  Ixias,  the  Montbretias,  and,  grandest  of  all,  the 
royal  lineage  of  Lilies.  Do  not  tell  me  they  are  too  tender, 
too  easily  destroyed  by  a  child's  longing  hands,  so  that 
they  should  be  eliminated  from  our  list.  Emphatically  no. 
The  days  have  passed  when  we  were  satisfied  to  give  our 
children  the  gutter  and  the  sidewalk,  the  kindergarten  with- 
out the  garden.  It  is  only  a  question  of  progress  when  we 

41 


shall  establish  all  through  the  land  the  kindergartens  as  I 
proclaim  them,  and  in  the  most  advanced  of  them,  Lilies  will 
array  themselves  to  be  loved  and  adored  by  those  most  fit  to 
understand  their  heavenly  build. 

There  is  no  Narcissus  growing  with  flowers  of  average  size 
which  is  not  a  suitable  object  for  our  selection.  The  small 
flowering  Roman  or  Italian  Hyacinths  do  well  and  increase 
in  size  and  number  rapidly.  Crocus  of  all  description  are 
welcome  to  display  their  golden  or  silvery  cloth  in  our  beds. 
Lilies  of  the  Valley,  with  the  most  delightful  odor  of  any 
petal  opening,  the  Amaryllis  with  their  leafless  stems,  the 
Crown  Imperials  with  their  leafy  build,  and  the  Trilliums 
with  their  oddest  association  of  foliage  and  flower, — every 
one  of  them  is  suited  and  should  be  considered.  Also  the 
Dog-tooth-violets  (Erythroniums),  the  Winter  Aconite  (Eran- 
this)  with  its  large  golden  cup,  the  Anemones  in  thousand- 
fold glory,  the  Ranunculus  in  almost  all  hues  of  the  rainbow, 
the  peculiar  Salomon's  Seal :  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  limit  the 
enumeration. 

Of  those  flowering  in  later  months,  the  Callas,  Cyclamens, 
Watsonias,  some  Crocus,  the  Red-hot-poker  plant  (Tritoma) 
and  especially  the  Tigridias  are  a  noble  lot  of  color  and 
shape.  The  pretty  Colchicums  we  will  have  to  omit  on  ac- 
count of  the  injurious  sap,  but  the  large  variety  of  Oxalis 
shall  safely  furnish  us  with  bloom  and  brightness. 


42 


THE    TOY-GARDEN. 

Each  child  should  be  induced  to  take  interest  in  caring  for 
a  little  garden  patch  of  its  own.  My  plans  provide  for  them, 
and  under  the  direction  of  the  city-gardener  and  the  super- 
vision of  the  kindergartner  they  may  cultivate  and  sow  and 
reap  to  their  hearts'  content.  While  all  take  part  in  the 
plants  on  the  entire  grounds,  here,  in  the  toy-garden,  every 
one  is  supposed  to  apply  its  own  little  doctrines  to  the  patch 
set  aside  for  it.  Naturally,  most  of  the  plants  will  be  an- 
nuals and  from  them  we  should  select  quick  growing  and,  if 
possible,  showy  kinds.  The  old-fashioned  Strawflowers, 
Everlastings,  should  receive  a  place  of  importance  in  this 
collection.  The  pretty  Acroclinium,  the  bright  Calliopsis, 
the  true  Cornflower,  the  modest  Mignonette,  the  slender 
Linums,  the  dainty  Gilias,  the  fleshy  Portulaca,  the  august 
Poppies,  the  showy  Clarkias,  the  stately  Godetia,  the  pom- 
pous Asters,  the  diffident  Love-in-the-mist,  and  the  gorgeous, 
openfaced  Sunflower:  they  are  all  grateful  objects  for  a 
child's  gardening. 

I  want  to  mention  at  this  opportunity  how  attractive 
plants  are  to  a  child  if  their  development  offers  special  fea- 
tures which  will  be  quickly  noticed.  Those  which  close 
their  bloom  every  evening  and  again  reopen  in  the  morning 
are  notable  in  this  respect.  The  sweet  Baby-blue-eyes  (Ne- 
mophila)  and  the  California  Poppies  (Eschscholtzia)  belong 
to  this  class.  It  is  not  at  all  necessary  that  we  draw  the 
child's  attention  to  these  changing  conditions.  We  will 
feel  awkward  enough  by  the  time  one  or  the  other  of  our 

43 


pupils  notices  such  conditions  and  asks  us  why  they  take 
place.  We  intend  to  educate  the  children  through  asso- 
ciation, and  must  refrain  from  spreading  before  them  what 
little  wisdom  we  older  ones  possess.  That  is  the  reason  I 
do  not  propose  planting  such  species  as  Touch-me-not  (Im- 
patiens),  or  the  Mimosa. 

THE  VEGETABLE  GARDEN. 

It  depends  on  the  space  at  our  disposal  whether  we  can 
afford  to  endow  each  child  with  a  little  spot  in  which  it 
may  grow  vegetables,  or  whether  the  kindergartner  has  to 
keep  the  different  kinds  of  vegetables  in  distinct  patches 
and  let  the  children  help  to  cultivate  and  harvest.  Which- 
ever way  may  have  to  be  pursued,  the  growing  of  vege- 
tables is  of  prime  importance  for  the  children  under  our 
charge.  Let  us  recollect  that  every  vacant  lot  in  our  cities 
could  well  be  planted  after  the  plans  of  Mayor  Pingree,  of 
Detroit,  and  here,  in  the  kindergarten,  is  the  place  to  be- 
gin the  training  of  the  future  cultivators  of  such  useful 
plots.  Let  us  forbear,  though,  most  carefully  from  trying 
to  point  to  such  work  as  being  of  any  cash  value.  The 
children  should  not  know  the  difference  in  price  of  one 
coin  from  the  other  while  they  are  with  us  in  these  sacred 
grounds.  But  that  spirit  should  be  cultivated, — to  grow 
something  to  receive  returns.  And  these  returns  should 
become  the  child's  property  to  do  with  as  he  or  she  likes. 
Do  you  doubt  for  a  moment  that  the  few  potatoes  will  go 
into  mother's  kitchen?  That  the  handful  of  beans  must  be 


cooked  for  father  on  the  coming  Sunday?  And  what 
mother  could  be  so  poor  that  she  would  not  be  willing  to 
season  those  potatoes  with  the  best  of  butter,  the  beans 
with  the  richest  of  flavors,  and  embrace  that  child  of  hers 
with  the  fondest  embrace? 

Almost  all  vegetables  are  suited  for  our  garden.  Potatoes, 
with  proper  selection  of  those  ripening  early,  should  be 
lined  with  rows  of  Horsebeans.  Do  not  shrug  the  shoulder 
over  their  kind.  There  are  thousands  who  appreciate  them, 
and  it  is  well  that  the  edges  of  the  patches  should  be  turned 
into  use  with  growth  which  will  produce  ere  the  main  crop 
is  ready.  Radishes,  Lettuce,  Beets,  Turnips,  and  Carrots  all 
ripen  easily  and  surely.  Of  Beans  we  have  already  runners 
planted  as  vines.  Let  us  add  Bush  Beans,  and  teach  the  child 
how  to  pick  them  with  the  greatest  of  care,  so  that  the  crop 
will  not  be  ruined  after  the  first  handling.  Tomatoes  may  be 
set  out  after  having  been  raised  from  seed  under  shelter. 
We  also  should  have  a  few  roots  of  Asparagus.  It  is  a  highly 
ornamental  plant  and  the  child  should  know  how  that  vege- 
table is  produced.  Corn  of  the  early  kinds  must  find  a 
place  and  kitchen  herbs  of  all  descriptions  must  have  ample 
room.  Imagine  the  pleasure  of  a  child  if  it  can  supply  the 
home  regularly  with  all  the  Parsley  for  soup  and  dressing  ! 
Also  rows  of  Strawberries  to  pick  and  put  between  the 
smacking  lips.  They  furnish  a  good  way  to  train  the  child 
to  arrest  its  longing  hands  and  wait  till  the  sun  has  ripened 
the  berry,  which,  then,  should  be  disposed  of  as  the  teacher 
decides. 


VARIOUS  PLANTS. 

The  grasses  furnish  unique  effects  and  some  of  them 
should  be  used  in  our  compositions.  I  have  in  mind  the 
beautifully  colored  Ribbon-grass,  the  small  -  growing  Bam- 
boos, the  Snakegrass  (Briza),  the  variegated  Reed  (Arundo) 
and  some  small  kinds  of  New  Zealand  Flax  (Phormium). 
The  Pampas-grass  must  be  left  out.  It  is  of  dimensions  un- 
suited  for  our  grounds  and  its  foliage  is  too  sharp  to  be 
placed  in  contact  with  the  little  hands  we  have  to  protect. 

Of  succulents  we  may  put  out  some  on  the  driest  and 
hottest  spot  in  our  garden.  Cactus  with  its  dazzling  flowers 
is  well  suited  for  show  as  well  as  to  illustrate  the  peculiar- 
ities of  its  genus.  Hen-and-Chickens  (Sempervivums  and 
Echeverias)  should  be  set  out  in  limited  number.  The  chil- 
dren may  be  permitted  to  plant  and  replant  them  as  often  as 
they  feel  the  necessity  of  doing  so.  They  will  outlive  all  the 
trials  to  which  they  are  subjected. 

A  half -barrel  with  water  plants  could  well  be  sunk  into 
the  ground.  A  small  growing  Water-lily  and  a  few  Water- 
hyacinths  will  make  their  home  in  its  boundaries.  A  Par- 
rotsfeather  (Myriophyllum),  will  also  live  in  such  company 
and  overreach  the  border  in  graceful  runners. 

As  the  space  for  a  small  rockery  can  not  be  spared,  we 
should  select  just  two  or  three  large  boulders,  so  large  that 
the  children  cannot  shake  them  in  their  place.  Set  close  to 
them  a  few  Primroses,  a  Kenilworth  Ivy  and  a  few  Saxi- 
fragas  as  well  as  Stone  Crop  (Sedum).  It  will  suggest  im- 
pressions which  will  grow  with  the  child  as  it  develops  under 

46 


new  surroundings.  Also  a  Moneywort,  Lysimachia,  in  a 
damper  spot  should  spread  its  regularly  set  leaves  and  un- 
fold its  large,  golden  flowers. 

Plants  with  large  foliage  are  a  thing  of  necessity  with  our 
limited  landscape.  They  suggest  nobility  of  character  and 
the  wide  space  to  which  they  are  entitled  impresses  the 
child  with  a  certain  admiration.  The  most  desirable  plants 
of  this  class  are  the  Rhubarb  and  the  Artichoke,  both  of 
which  show  very  noble  flowers  in  due  season.  Also  some 
Elephant's  Ears  (Caladium)  and  the  classic  Acanthus ;  a  Castor 
Bean  plant  and  a  few  Cannas,  carefully  selected,  should  also 
be  included.  But  let  us  take  care  lest  we  encourage  an 
expanse  of  foliage  which  is  as  meaningless  as  the  gorgeous 
coloring  of  some  flowering  plants.  A  Palm,  stately  and 
distant,  is  no  friend  within  our  walls.  No  bird  would 
light  on  its  fronds,  even  if  they  were  covered  with  bird- 
seed. How  much  less  should  a  child  be  insulted  with  a  char- 
acter which  is  as  foreign  to  it  as  an  apple-blossom  to  the 
Malayan.  It  is  neither  costliness  nor  rarity  which  decides 
with  us  in  our  selection.  No  Dracaena,  'no  Camelia  is  en- 
titled to  any  consideration.  The  most  humble  blossom  which 
furnishes  food  for  the  bee  or  invites  the  swift  humming-bird 
to  a  meal  is  far  more  important  in  our  grounds  than  the 
most  favored  leaf  from  under  a  tropical  sun. 

THE  LAWN. 

The  small  patches  of  lawn  which  are  laid  out  in  our 
grounds  are  to  provide  the  groundwork  of  green  so  essen- 

47 


tial  to  a  cheering  landscape.  If  they  were  to  be  used  by 
the  children  at  all  time  and  entirely  at  their  will,  they  would 
deteriorate  in  short  order.  The  kindergartner  has  to  place 
some  restriction  upon  the  use  of  them,  for  useful  they  must 
remain,  even  if  they  require  renewing  once  a  year. 

But  I  want  to  lay  down  a  new  rule  for  lawns  in  such 
places.  In  the  first  place  use  that  kind  of  grass  which 
proved  to  be  the  most  resistant  in  your  neighborhood,  no 
matter  whether  such  is  considered  the  most  fashionable  or 
not.  Let  the  lawn  be  green.  In  states  like  California  I 
wish  to  see  the  White  Clover  brought  to  the  front.  It  is  idle 
for  us  to  boast  of  blue-grass  lawns  When  the  keeping  of  them 
is  the  cause  of  more  expense  than  the  result  justifies.  Then 
again,  the  sheen  of  the  blue-grass  is  less  acceptable  than  the 
warm  green  of  the  cloverleaf.  The  blue-grass  rejects  the 
warmth  through  its  glossy  foliage.  The  white  clover  ab- 
sorbs the  warmth,  as  it  were,  and  stores  it  in  unlimited 
quantity.  There  is  no  period  of  the  season  in  which  it  looks 
yellowish  and  neglected.  Some  people  object  to  the  white 
and  fragrant  blossoms.  But  just  in  them  I  appreciate  a 
character  which  no  grass  possesses.  In  our  case  they  will 
furnish  a  new  attraction  for  the  children  and  invite  them  to 
play  upon  the  ground.  In  fact,  I  would  sow  some  Dandelion 
and  many  Daisies  in  my  kindergarten  lawns.  If  any  person 
is  in  doubt  whether  such  is  the  right  thing  to  do,  let  him 
watch  the  children.  It  is  for  them  that  we  adjust  our  im- 
provements and  they  are  the  judges  and  directors  of  our 
efforts. 


48 


OUR  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK. 

It  would  be  unnatural  to  try  and  separate  our  children 
from  animal  life.  And  what  could  be  more  harmonious  than 
their  association?  We  older  folks  feel  at  all  times  called 
upon  to  subject  children  to  instruction  if  not  to  correction. 
The  association  of  child  and  animal  excludes  such  and  makes 
the  former  the  king  of  the  company.  A  cat  even,  to  stran- 
gers the  most  perverse  of  domestic  animals,  will  permit  a 
child  to  almost  squeeze  it  in  two.  A  dog  is  the  companion 
and  full-fledged  brother  of  the  boy  and  the  guardian  and  play- 
mate of  the  girl.  Whoever  has  observed  the  companion- 
ship of  a  lamb  and  children  will  recollect  how  playful 
they  were  in  a  thousand  pranks,  never  tiring  the  whole,  long 
day.  We,  who  are  supposed  to  direct  our  children's  ideas 
and  lead  their  fancies,  should  select  the  proper  companion- 
ship from  amongst  the  animals.  Let  us  then  exclude  en- 
tirely the  dog  from  our  grounds.  Only  too  many  of  them 
are  associated  with  our  children  in  the  streets,  and  no  dog 
ever  displayed  the  proper  qualities  of  its  kind  when  spoiled 
through  contact  with  children.  Neither  has  the  cat  any 
right  to  be  with  us.  There  is  no  child  which  does  not  enjoy 
its  company  at  home  or  over  at  the  neighbor's.  But  we  have 
to  install  a  lamb  in  our  garden.  Let  it  assume  charge  of 
the  lawn-mowing  and  let  it  be  fed  regularly  under  the  kin- 
dergartner's  supervision.  Let  the  children  learn,  in  contact 
with  all  the  animals  which  I  mention,  that  it  is  unwise  to 
feed  them  at  all  times  of  the  day.  The  lamb  may  be  led 
forth  at  certain  hours  and  whichever  little  girl  had  her 

49 


birthday  last  may  have  the  privilege  to  decorate  the  lamb's 
neck  with  a  new  ribbon. 

Rabbits  may  be  hutched  with  the  lamb.  Both  will  be  on 
the  ground  floor  and  both  permit  friendly  association.  Above 
them  the  squirrels  shall  have  their  housing,  and  their  caging 
and  nest-building  shall  be  in  full  view  of  the  children.  Guinea 
pigs  can  well  be  omitted  from  our  collection. 

Of  other  animals  let  the  following  be  represented.  Gold- 
fish can  be  kept  in  a  glass  for  years,  and  it  is  well  for  the 
children  to  be  called  in  when  the  changing  of  the  water 
takes  place.  A  Turtle  may  be  kept  if  the  tub  with  water- 
plants  is  level  with  the  ground.  Lizards  and  Horned  Toads 
should  also  be  on  hand.  They  do  not  require  care  nor  feed- 
ing, and  if  only  left  alone  will  domesticate  in  a  short  time. 

Before  I  speak  a  good  word  for  the  last  named  animal  which 
I  propose  housing  with  us,  the  Toad,  an  animal  despised 
wherever  spoken  of,  let  me  mention  some  facts  which  are 
known  to  everybody  but  not  realized  in  their  meaning.  They 
go  to  prove  a  companionship  the  extension  of  which  we 
ought  to  cultivate  with  religiousness. 

There  actually  are  at  this  day  of  our  civilization  some 
animals  which  refuse  to  be  scared  when  they  behold  us.  I 
will  mention  a  few  well-known  cases.  The  first  is  the  Lady- 
bird. Whether  it  is  that  nobody  harms  the  pretty  insect,  or 
whether  it  is  that  those  who  were  harmed  did  not  survive 
the  ordeal  to  report  to  the  others,  it  is  a  fact  that  they  as- 
sociate with  us  wherever  found.  They  will  walk  back  and 
forth  on  our  hand  and  take  wing  whenever  they  choose,  no 
matter  how  much  you  may  finger  around  them.  Of  birds  I 

50 


know  very  little,  being  shortsighted  and,  therefore,  denied 
the  pleasure  of  having  acquaintance  with  them.  But  I  have 
experienced  that  flocks  of  Quail  will  come  and  live  with  us 
in  the  woods  as  soon  as  they  have  found  out  that  we  do  not 
object  to  them.  On  an  out-of-the-way  place  where  I  stayed 
for  years  no  quail  was  ever  shot  at.  Neither  were  they  fed. 
In  all  of  the  surrounding  country  every  little  boy  and  every 
grown  man  carried  a  gun  as  often  as  time  and  fancy  would 
permit,  and  even  small  birds  fell  their  prey.  This  proves 
that  the  quail  would  live  with  us  if  we  did  not  force  it  to 
leave  us. 

Behold,  also,  the  Sea-gull  as  she  sails  the  air  and  leisurely 
follows  the  boats,  indifferent  to  the  noisiest  crowd  which  may 
man  them.  Call  them  scavengers  of  the  waters,  if  you  like, 
but  do  not  deny  them  their  elegance  and  their  stoicism. 
Does  it  not  look  as  if  they  would  light  on  your  hand  if  out- 
stretched to  welcome  them?  Their  large  and  friendly  eye  is 
turned  towards  you  and  a  grateful  recognition  is  made  in 
bow  and  flight  for  every  particle  thrown  to  them.  I  have 
never  observed  that  anybody  entertained  an  inclination  to 
harm  them, — and  would  they  move  if  you  forced  them  to? 

And  now  the  word  for  my  friend,  the  toad.  This  philoso- 
pher will  live  at  our  front  door  half  buried  under  the  pot  of 
our  most  cherished  house-plant,  the  Diogenes  of  the  am- 
phibia. He  will  take  care  of  his  cave  and  love  life  like  the 
happy  artisan  who  sits  at  his  steps  and  smokes  a  pipe  in  the 
fullest  enjoyment  of  life.  When  the  toad  goes  forth  to  hunt 
his  living  he  picks  up  what  annoys  us  and  devours  a  great 
number  of  bothersome  insects.  I  have  made  pets  of  toads 

51 


for  years  and  have  fed  them  with  bluebottles  and  bugs  till 
they  looked  for  their  regular  repast  in  regular  places. 
Humanity  with  its  vicious  superstitions  owes  a  great  apology 
to  this  much  abused  animal,  and  it  is  for  us  to  uproot  the 
senseless  persecution  to  which  it  has  been  exposed  for  ages 
past.  Let  us  have  a  dozen  toads  in  our  kindergarten  and  let 
it  be  kept  clean  and  neat  through  their  habits  of  devouring 
the  nasty  worms  and  insects  which  accumulate,  especially  in 
a  city  lot.  It  is  needless  to  state  that  the  toad  is  anything 
but  poisonous,  and  that  it  only  needs  our  common  sense  to 
notice  that  he  is  colored  in  very  harmonizing  tints,  and  that 
his  clear  and  bright  pair  of  eyes  are  as  pleasant  to  behold  as 
those  of  a  pet  dog. 

A  large  cage  for  birds  should  be  set  up  in  every  kinder- 
garten, and  almost  any  bird  is  welcome  to  our  care,  pro- 
vided his  captivity  is  not  apparent  to  the  beholder.  Bird- 
fanciers  may  be  able  to  properly  extend  my  list  of  birds 
suitable  for  our  purpose.  I  mention  some  and  they  will 
prove  sufficient  for  almost  all  purposes.  The  Canary  has 
been  imbred  and  held  captive  for  so  many  generations  that 
its  caging  will  be  only  natural.  It  should  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  nest  and  raise  broods.  Doves,  with  their  affection- 
ate cooing,  shall  be  associated  with  us.  They  are  of  hand- 
somely colored  plumage  and  always  the  picture  of  neatness 
and  gentleness.  Last,  but  not  least,  let  us  have  a  few  Ban- 
tams in  our  enclosures.  If  space  forbid  a  separate  housing, 
they  may  go  in  the  stalls  with  the  lamb  and  rabbits.  Their 
tiny  forms  and  independent  demeanor  suit  well  with  our 
composition,  and  the  children  will  appreciate  their  company. 

52 


The  gathering  of  eggs  should  be  left  to  children  by  turns, 
also  the  feeding  and  watering  under  proper  directions.  At 
time  of  brooding  Bantams  are  rather  more  fickle  than  other 
fowl,  though  only  hens  with  exceptional  dispositions  permit 
interfering  with  themselves  and  their  flocks. 

I  wish  to  state  distinctly  that  no  parrot  has  any  right  to 
be  within  our  grounds.  Do  not  let  us  disturb  the  pleasant 
company  we  create  with  such  rude  intruders. 

CARE  OF  PLANTS  AND  GROUNDS. 

A  city  nursery  will  form  part  of  every  rightly  composed 
community.  It  will  be  an  adjunct  to  the  park  management 
of  the  larger  municipalities  and  as  such  have  charge  of  the 
sidewalk  trees,  boulevards,  squares,  playgrounds,  and  school- 
yards. The  care  of  kindergarten  grounds  like  these  is  the 
most  simple  thing  for  one  trained  for  such  work.  A  fore- 
man of  the  city  nursery  should  have  charge  of  all  kinder- 
gartens. He  could  attend  to  twelve  in  the  week's  time 
and  all  extra  work  as  the  annual  cleaning  and  shaping 
would  be  performed  by  garden  laborers  under  his  super- 
vision. The  park  nursery  will  provide  all  the  material  which 
is  of  the  most  simple  and  inexpensive  kind.  As  often  as 
a  child  has  injured  or  destroyed  any  of  our  improvements, 
they  are  to  be  re-established  and  no  other  punishment  than 
mere  advice  to  be  administered.  Our  improvements  are  for 
use,  not  for  ornamentation  alone,  and  those  who  take  care 
of  them  are  required  to  place  the  children  in  the  fullest 
possession  of  them. 

53 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATES. 


If  a  glance  at  the  series  of  plates  gives  the  impression 
that  every  one  of  them  might  as  well  be  the  appointment  of 
an  area  surrounding  a  private  home  as  that  of  a  kindergar- 
ten, their  objects  are  served.  For  that  is  the  idea  incor- 
porated in  my  booklet,  that  the  proper  setting  for  a  home 
erected  in  the  very  midst  of  a  busy  city  should  be  accom- 
plished. We  build  and  lay  out  for  a  family,  the  only  difference 
being  that  our  family  is  rather  numerous  in  the  flock  of 
children.  Necessarily,  the  buildings  have  restricted  dimen- 
sions and  the  area  is  divided  into  many  playgrounds  and  run- 
ways, but,  aside  from  that,  no  home-builder  could  suit  the 
purpose  of  his  family  better  than  by  adopting  a  plan  on 
lines  as  here  laid  down.  It  is  possible  to  develop  a  mind 
and  neglect  the  bodily  welfare  of  a  child,  but  the  reverse  is 
not  imaginable  if  grounds  like  ours  furnish  the  field  of  ex- 
ercise for  the  forming  body. 

In  attempting  to  illustrate  the  proper  planning  of  kinder- 
garten-grounds, I  naturally  fell  into  systematic  lines.  Every 
one  of  the  plans  accompanying  this  book  relates  to  grounds 
of  a  level,  or  nearly  level,  area.  This  is  unfortunate  and, 
yet,  unavoidable,  as  I  want  to  address  the  largest  circle  of 
interested  people,  not  merely  professionals.  I  distinctly 
state  that  any  slope  to  our  grounds  should  be  welcomed,  and 
that  such  may  reach  fifteen  feet  on  a  fifty-foot  lot,  or  twenty- 

57 


five  feet  on  a  one-hundred-foot  lot.  In  such  cases  the  de- 
signs should  guarantee  an  absolute  originality,  and  every 
value  in  light  and  shade,  in  slope  and  rise,  be  put  to  fullest 
use.  Such  appointments  would  then  add  further  worth  and 
attraction  for  the  benefit  of  our  charges.  For  as  we  leave 
the  level  land  and  flee  to  the  mountains  to  spend  our  vaca- 
tion, so  will  a  child  avoid  the  street  and  seek  the  gutter  and 
the  bank  on  the  unimproved  lot  to  enjoy  its  pastime. 

Originality  in  the  designs  as  fitted  to  level  areas  must 
consist  in  the  advantage  which  has  been  gained  by  over- 
coming obstacles  and  hindrances  previously  existing.  I  give 
five  illustrations  for  kindergarten-grounds  on  lots  of  one- 
hundred-foot  frontage — assuming  in  every  instance  that 
different  conditions  as  to  exposure  and  limitations  through 
neighboring  buildings  exist.  No  matter  how  many  kinder- 
garten-grounds may  be  established  in  any  one  community, 
no  two  of  them  should  be  identical  in  design. 

As  properly  chosen  school  grounds  are  of  such  extreme 
rarity  that  it  is  impossible  to  refer  to  them,  I  have  been 
forced  to  confine  my  plans  to  areas  separated  from  grounds 
used  by  older  school-children.  I  wish  to  state,  though,  that 
concentration  of  school  grounds  would  result  in  greater 
benefits  in  so  far  as  we  secure  territory  which  is  more  open 
and  impresses  as  more  noble  in  its  setting.  Communities  are 
slow  to  set  aside  the  necessary  grounds  for  breathing  spots 
in  our  crowded  cities,  yet  if  all  schools  were  set  in  entire 
blocks,  surrounded  by  useful  and  pleasant  grounds,  a  great 
problem  of  our  economical  conditions  would  be  solved. 


For  the  sake  of  comparison,  I  assume  that  every  lot  as 
illustrated  is  of  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  feet, 
which  is  about  the  average  we  meet  with  in  the  modern  city. 

KINDERGARTEN  ON  A  TWENTY-FIVE- 
FOOT  LOT. 

If  such  area  be  on  an  inside  lot,  it  should  not  be  improved 
for  our  purposes.  If  owned  by  the  school  department,  it 
should  be  utilized  as  an  income-bearing  investment  for  pur- 
poses for  which  it  may  be  suitable.  Plate  number  one  shows 
the  improvement  of  a  corner  lot  of  such  dimensions  and 
demonstrates  that  it  is  possible  to  get  proportionate  returns 
from  it.  The  improvements  must  be  limited  to  a  house  14 
by  50  feet,  the  necessary  shelter — which  may,  at  times, 
during  pleasant  weather,  serve  as  an  extra  schoolroom — 
sandcourts,  swings,  and  teeterboards.  We  find  room  for  a 
spot  of  green  and  use  the  narrow  strips  along  the  property- 
line  for  toy-gardens.  Play  toys,  and  other  apparatus,  as  per- 
haps hammocks  and  the  like,  may  find  accommodation  under 
the  shelter. 

KINDERGARTEN  ON  A  FIFTY-FOOT 
LOT. 

Here,  as  in  the  previous  case,  the  lot  should  be  on  a  cor- 
ner. Light  and  air  are  essential  to  our  purposes  if  satis- 
faction is  to  follow  our  efforts.  I  illustrate  three  cases,  the 
designs  of  which  are  conditioned  by  the  location  of  the 


house.  Air-wells  can  easily  give  light  to  the  building  if  it 
has  to  be  placed  as  is  illustrated  on  plate  number  two.  The 
grounds  are  all  in  front  of  the  house,  and  the  setting  is 
ideal.  The  little  lawn  is  halved  by  a  pathway  to  admit  run- 
ning about.  Yet,  the  green  swath  will  impress  as  a  whole, 
no  matter  whence  you  look  at  it,  as  the  pathway  crosses 
your  view  instead  of  paralleling  it.  There  is  plenty  of  play- 
ground, the  shelter  serving  as  such  as  well  as  the  area  around 
the  sandcourt,. swings,  and  seesaws.  On  fifty-foot  lots  we 
find  ourselves  permitted  to  accommodate  some  of  our  animal 
friends,  and  place  them  where  least  interfering  with  the  ap- 
paratus, so  that  the  little  sightseers  will  not  be  in  danger  of 
being  injured  while  watching  the  animals.  Many  toy-gardens 
admit  of  a  great  variety  of  cultivation.  One  way  of  plant- 
ing this  area  is  described  in  a  subsequent  paragraph. 

The  other  corner  lot,  plate  number  three,  has  its  house 
removed  to  the  middle  of  the  area.  The  shelter  is  in  the 
back  so  that  cultivation  and  irrigation  may  be  carried  on 
where  the  soil  is  exposed.  The  lawn  is  an  undivided  oval  of 
about  30  by  50  feet.  The  house,  18  by  50  feet  with  an  L  of 
10  by  18  feet,  admits  of  a  very  pretty  design.  It  is  natural 
that  the  housing  for  the  animals  should  be  kept  in  the  rear 
as  much  as  possible  so  as  to  avoid  attracting  the  crowd  on 
the  outside.  We  must  also  try  not  to  bring  them  in  direct 
touch  with  the  playground  apparatus,  as  the  sightseeing  and 
games  should  be  kept  separated. 

A  look  at  the  design  for  an  inside  fifty-foot  lot,  plate 
number  four,  shows  at  once  the  difficulty  of  putting  such 
location  to  proper  use.  The  neighboring  houses  are  bound 


to  crowd  us,  and  if  the  shadow  of  a  tall  building  or  the  in- 
fluence of  a  cold  north  wall  should  over-awe  our  improve- 
ment, it  may  as  well  be  given  up.  A  potato  which  sprouted, 
deprived  of  its  full  dues  of  air  and  light,  may  develop  foli- 
age, but  it  will  lack  in  tubers  and  flowers.  Only  then,  when 
open  grounds  of  liberal  homes  are  at  our  right  and  left, 
should  such  ground  as  this  be  improved  for  a  kindergarten. 
The  house  should  then  be  placed  forward,  the  playground 
and  shelter  be  kept  in  the  back  part,  and  the  growing  and 
irrigating  be  done  in  front  where  the  brightest  light  possible 
can  be  enjoyed. 

KINDERGARTEN  ON  A  ONE-HUN- 
DRED-FOOT LOT. 

Grounds  of  such  area  are  proper  for  a  kindergarten.  If 
larger  they  would  form  school  grounds,  if  smaller  they  are 
only  makeshifts.  Our  buildings  can  now  stand  unconnected, 
if  so  desired  on  account  of  the  neighboring  houses,  and  we 
still  will  have  the  necessary  exposure.  We  are  independent 
of  the  improvements  of  the  adjoining  properties,  and  no 
matter  under  what  disadvantages  we  may  find  our  holding, 
we  can  accommodate  our  needs. 

The  corner  •  lots  are,  naturally,  the  more  valuable,  and  I 
illustrate  four  instances.  In  the  first,  plate  number  five,  the 
house  is  in  the  middle  of  the  grounds.  It  is  wise  to  so  place 
it  if  the  neighboring  lots  are  open  in  their  improvements 
and  are  not  apt  to  be  built  upon  with  high  structures.  The 
house  here  is  23  by  44  feet  with  an  addition  of  25  by  30 

61 


feet.  It  offers  ideal  arrangement  and  permits  separate  en- 
trances to  the  schoolrooms  and  to  the  living  apartments. 
In  grounds  like  these  we  also  have  two  entrances  from  the 
streets,  provided  the  neighborhood  is  such  that  we  have  not 
more  than  the  usual  intermeddling  to  guard  against.  The 
patches  of  lawn  are  thrown  in  front.  This  serves  a  two- 
fold purpose:  we  secure  more  pleasing  arrangement  as  seen 
from  the  street,  and  the  playgrounds  may  be  located  more 
unobserved  in  the  shelter  of  the  building.  The  lawn  is  laid 
out  in  pieces  to  offer  different  grazing  grounds  for  the  lamb. 
The  divers  holdings  give  the  children  an  opportunity  to  re- 
spect rights  and  to  divide  care.  We  have  a  commodious 
shelter,  25  by  42  feet,  freely  placed  apparatus,  various  toy. 
gardens  and  runways  galore.  A  may-pole  is  placed,  and 
strips  for  toy-beds  and  vines  are  encircling  the  entire  lot. 
It  is  indeed  a  paradise,  the  Garden  of  Eden  realized. 

The  next  illustration,  plate  number  six,  finds  our  build- 
ing in  the  very  rear.  Neighboring  structures  with  high 
walls  conditioned  such,  and  we  spread  our  depth  so  as  to  fit 
snugly  against  it.  The  wide  grounds  are  almost  undivided 
and,  for  those  who  lay  more  stress  upon  a  green  lawn  than 
upon  separate  gardens,  this  design  must  appeal  with  force. 
Shelter,  toy-gardens,  apparatus,  and  animals  are  arranged  so 
as  to  divide  the  area  as  little  as  possible.  While  it  is  true 
that  this  partition  gives  the  impression  that  a  very  large 
number  of  children  can  be  accommodated,  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  here  it  is  more  difficult  to  keep  the  classes 
and  games  separate,  as  will  be  required  at  times. 

The  next  illustration,  plate  number  seven,  offers  the  house 


attached  to  one  on  the  neighboring  lot,  selected  thus  be- 
cause free  circulation  and  light  had  to  be  made  possible 
from  the  other  directions.  If  the  house,  32  by  60  feet, 
should  be  found  in  need  of  extension,  its  upper  structure 
could  well  overlap  part  of  the  shelter  and  more  space  be 
given  to  the  inhabitants.  The  shelter,  animals,  and  appa- 
ratus are  kept  in  the  corner,  because  a  second  building 
abutted  at  the  rear  of  that  lot  and  we  have  to  keep  that  part 
as  dry  as  possible.  Lawns,  toy-gardens,  and  apparatus  find 
their  accommodation  according  to  the  room  left.  This  is  a 
convenient  arrangement  and  a  picturesque  setting  of  such 
grounds.  A  suitable  manner  of  planting  these  grounds  is 
described  in  a  subsequent  paragraph. 

Plate  number  eight  deals  with  grounds  which  are  harshly 
walled  in  by  neighboring  buildings.  Good  light  comes  only 
from  the  front  and  all  the  color  of  green  and  the  desirable 
shrubbery  is  here  located.  The  building,  28  by  60  feet  with 
an  L  of  20  by  22  feet,  abutts  the  adjoining  building  and 
springs  well  out  into  the  grounds  to  benefit  from  fullest  ex- 
posure. The  low  shelter  is  kept  in  the  corner  towards  the 
street  and  the  toy-garden  against  the  property  line  where 
the  reflex  from  the  house  on  the  next  lot  warms  it.  The 
animals  occupy  the  corner ;  seesaws,  swings,  and  sandcourts 
are  before  these  plots.  Perfect  dryness  and  circulation  of 
air  is  secured  in  this  part  of  the  walled-in  grounds.  Two 
large  pieces  of  lawn  fill  the  foreground  and  give  a  rich  set- 
ting to  the  building  as  seen  from  the  street. 

The  last  design,  plate  number  nine,  shows  an  inside  one- 
hundred-foot  lot.  We  feel  at  once  the  necessity  of  reducing 

63 


the  area  to  be  covered  by  the  building  and  select  a  T-shaped 
ground  plan  for  the  house  so  as  to  secure  the  greatest  pos- 
sible surface  for  light  and  air.  The  rear  has  to  be  kept  dry 
and,  consequently,  warm,  and  aside  from  the  shelter  for 
animals  and  apparatus,  we  feel  the  need  of  setting  aside  a 
wide  strip  to  keep  our  building  warm  and  free.  Lawns  and 
toy-gardens  are  arranged  to  be  under  the  least  disadvantage 
from  the  neighbors'  improvements. 

PLANTING  OF  A    KINDERGARTEN  ON 
A  FIFTY-FOOT  LOT. 

The  planting  refers  to  the  design  illustrated  on  plate 
number  two.  The  west  and  south  sides  are  towards  the 
street.  Those  species  set  in  [  ]  alongside  the  other  enumer- 
ated kinds  refer  to  plants  which  can  be  substituted  in  cli- 
mates warm  enough  to  winter  the  orange  without  protection. 

Sidewalk  trees:  Locust  and  Mountain  Ash  [Locust  and 
Acacia  retinoides].  Interchange  the  two  trees  mentioned, 
plant  sixteen  feet  apart  and  remove  which  ever  kind  proves 
the  least  acceptable  as  years  pass  by. 

Arbor  at  entrance:  Aristolochia  and  Scarlet  Runners 
[Wistaria  and  Morning  Glories]. 

Alongside  of  house:  Stretch  wire-netting  against  the 
house  and  train  to  it:  Virginia  Creeper,  Clematis  paniculata, 
Sweetwater  Grape,  Sweet  Peas  and  Scarlet  Runners  [Akebia 
quinata,  Tecoma  grandiflora,  Isabella  Grape,  Sweet  Peas  and 
Scarlet  Runners].  Plant  in  the  corner  a  Holly  of  the  plain 
green-foliaged  kind  [Berberis  Darwinii]. 

64 


Near  the  animals  train  Flowering  Quince  against  the  wall. 

Vines  at  the  shelter:  Wistaria  or  Japanese  Morning  Glo- 
ries and  Jasminum  nudiflorum  [Tecoma  jasminoides  and  Lo- 
phospermum  scandens]. 

Back  of  vegetable  garden:  Purple  Hazel,  Damson,  Crab- 
apple,  and,  along  the  street,  Scarlet  Peach.  [Purple  Hazel, 
Double  Almond,  Plumbago  Capensis,  and,  along  the  street, 
Tecoma  Capensis]. 

Arrange  the  vegetable  garden  to  suit  the  kindergartner's 
ideas. 

Along  property-line  on  the  south  side:  Quince  or  Medlar, 
Spiraea  Thunbergii  [Exochorda  grandiflora],  Forsythia  For- 
tunei. 

Along  property-line  on  the  west:  Laburnum,  Lilac,  Snow- 
berry,  Colutea,  Willow,  Elder,  Hawthorn,  Briers,  Heather 
[Purple  Fringe,  Philadelphus,  Tamarix,  Persimmon,  Duck- 
plant,  Hawthorn,  Willow,  Briers,  Diosma]. 

Bed  beyond  the  arbor:  Mulberries  along  the  fence,  Larch 
in  the  corner.  Strawberries  and  Currants,  etc. 

Bed  near  the  house  (north  side):    Berries. 

Perennial  Border:  Antirrhinum,  Lamium,  Bleeding  Heart, 
Helleborus  (in  cold  climates  only),  Forget-me-not,  Sunflow- 
ers, herbaceous  Spiraeas  (for  cool  places  only),  Gypsophyla, 
Columbines,  Flags,  Red  Clover,  Larkspurs. 

Border  along  house:  Pansies,  Violas,  Violets,  Primroses, 
Pentstemon  (clear  colors  only),  Marguerites,  Asters,  Holly- 
hocks, Phlox,  Hypericum. 

65 


Bulbous  plants:  Daffodils,  Tigridias,  Lilium  album  and 
tigrinum  [pardalinum],  Crown  Imperials  [Watsonias],  Oxalis, 
Erythronium,  Flags,  Montbretias.  At  the  house:  Crocus, 
Snowdrops  [Fairy  Maids],  Eranthis,  Roman  Hyacinths,  Tritoma 
[Callas,  Amaryllis  Belladonna],  Lilium  longiflorum. 


PLANTING   OF  A  KINDERGARTEN   ON 
A  ONE-HUNDRED-FOOT  LOT. 

Refer  to  illustration  on  plate  number  seven.  The  north 
and  the  east  side  of  the  lot  face  the  street. 

Sidewalk  trees:  Set  out,  alternating,  Birch  and  Poplar 
[Tulip-tree  and  Hawthorn]  and  remove  in  later  years  which- 
ever kind  gives  the  least  satisfaction. 

Arbor  at  east  entrance:     Weeping  Laburnum  or  Elm. 

Small  bed  next  to  arbor:  Arundo  Donax  fol.  var.,  Cannas, 
Tritoma,  Gladiolus,  Montbretias,  Flags.  Along  barren  space 
of  fence  train  a  Honeysuckle  [an  evergreen  variety  in  warmer 
climate]. 

Plant  Aralia,  Ricinus  and  Elephant's  Ear,  underneath 
them  Violets. 

In  triangle  at  corner  of  lot:  Willow  (training  it  against 
the  fence  in  long  branches),  purple  Hazel,  Prunus  Pissardii 
and  Golden  Currant.  At  this  strip  along  fence  train  single 
Cherokee  Rose  or  R.  Wichuraiana.  Rosa  Rugosa  and  Briers 
in  corner  against  arbor  on  north  side.  To  form  arbor,  plant 
slit-leaved  Birch,  if  Birches  are  along  the  sidewalk;  other- 
wise, select  Weeping  Ash. 


Back  of  toy-garden  plot,  along  property-line  plant:  Spindle- 
tree,  Soap-shrub,  Golden  Elder,  Double  Almond,  Crab-apple, 
Colutea  and  Smoke-tree  at  corner  where  animals  are  housed. 
Against  wall  of  house  on  next  lot  train  flowering  Qumce  and 
Boston  Ivy  [Ficus  repens]. 

Along  shelter  and  against  house  for  animals  train:  Wis- 
taria, Virginia  Creeper  and  Hop-roots. 

Vines  and  shrubs  against  house,  beginning  at  corner  of 
shelter:  Jasminum  nudiflorum,  Riesling  Grapevine,  Cornel 
Cherry  (at  corner),  Honeysuckle,  Clematis  and  Scarlet  Peach, 
Snowberries  at  the  base.  Little  bed  at  front  door:  Magnolia 
Soulangeana  and  M.  stellata,  Xanthoceras  [Plumbago  Capen- 
sis].  Aristolochia,  Tecoma  grandiflora,  Bridal-wreath,  Peonies, 
Barberries  and  Hypericums. 

Horseshoe-bed  surrounding  swings  fill  with  all  varieties  of 
Berries. 

In  the  larger  piece  of  lawn,  ten  feet  from  its  edge,  plant 
a  Christmas  Spruce  opposite  the  seesaws  and  outer  vegetable 
garden. 

Perennial  border:  Nasturtium,  Flags,  Single  Paeonies, 
Gladiolus,  Lupinus  and  Lathyrus,  Antirrhinum,  Mimulus,Dead 
Nettle,  Leonotus,  Bleeding-heart,  Larkspurs,  Primroses, 
Daisies,  Hepatica  (not  for  warm  positions),  Forget-me-nots, 
Marguerites,  Anemones,  Gypsophilas,  Hollyhocks,  Phlox,  Can- 
terbury-bells, Carnations,  Lychnis. 

Bulbous  plants:  Every  space  and  spot  not  planted  other- 
wise may  be  filled  in  with  bulbs. 

The  two  large  patches  for  vegetables  admit  of  a  varied 
display,  and  the  wide  strip  from  arbor  on  north  side  to  the 

67 


house  for  animals  on  the  west  side  gives  ample  room  for 
many  little  beds  for  toy-gardening.  The  division  of  these  is 
a  matter  for  the  kindergartner  to  arrange. 


Glancing  over  the  designs,  as  herewith  illustrated,  we  may 
well  exclaim:  A  child  raised  in  such  surroundings  can 
develop  as  cheerful  as  the  bird  in  the  bush,  as  free  as  the 
king  of  the  desert,  as  perfect  as  the  tree  on  a  mountain 
meadow. 


HIPS   FROM   A 
WAY-SIDE   BRIER. 


Discrimination  in  what  is  to  surround  our  children  is  worth 
volumes  of  teaching  in  later  life. 


Enlist  things  living  to  help  you  raise  your  child.  A  ball 
while  active  is,  yet,  a  ball  from  day  to  day.  How  different  a 
plant!  Its  slow  but  constant  development,  in  bloom  this 
week,  in  seed  the  next,  addresses  the  child  in  every  change. 


The  surroundings  which  we  arrange  about  our  kinder- 
gartens feed  the  mind,  not  the  fancy.  These  gardens  must 
offer  the  child  an  opportunity  to  develop.  To  look  upon 
them  primarily  as  a  means  for  instruction  is  abusing  their 
purpose  and  injuring  the  child. 


The  eye  of  a  child  is  the  mouth  through  which  the  brain- 
food  enters.  It  is  for  you  to  determine  what  pictures  may 
pass  its  absorbing  vision. 


Associate  yourself  with  the  best  in  the  world,  and  you  will 
have  thousands  of  allies  in  your  onward  move.  Oppose  the 
good  and  every  step  you  take  will  be  a  move  backward. 

70 


Men  are  apt  to  err.  A  plant  of  nature  tells  its  own  story 
uninfluenced,  unvarnished.  Therefore,  leave  out  those  pro- 
ductions of  cultivation  which,  like  some  fellow  creatures, 
smack  of  overculture  and  insincerity. 


Our  first  thoughts  are  true  from  within,  our  second  in- 
fluenced from  without.  So  with  our  periods  of  life — the 
genuineness  of  childhood  is  natural,  the  complexity  of  later 
years  is  an  artificial  product. 


The  problem  of  a  kindergarten  is  teaching  through  asso- 
ciation; that  of  after  years  association  through  teaching. 


What  a  strange  age  is  this!  We  display  our  asylums  and 
jails  and  hide  away  those  few  kindergartens  which  we  suffer 
to  vegetate.  

To  raise  a  child  is  to  live  life  over. 


The  milk  of  love  drawn  through  the  nipple  of  common 
sense  raises  good  kings,  professors,  and  men-with-the-hoe. 


Insight  in  a  child's  nature  is  to  be  the  birthright  of  the 
kindergartner. 

A  masculine  kindergartner — a  goat  for  gardener. 

71 


There  are  two  kindergartners  who  can  succeed:  the  one 
because  she  has  mastered  all  there  is  to  be  learned;  the  other 
because  she  has  learned  nothing. 


A  kindergartner — a  sister  of  mercy  of  the  holiest  order. 


The  child  is  like  the  traveler  in  foreign  lands:  each  day 
opens  new  continents  to  his  vision,  each  day  brings  vast  dis- 
coveries to  him  and  not  till  after  his  return  home  does  he 
sift  his  observations.  So  should  a  child  not  enter  upon  the 
age  of  thought  till  it  has  become  accustomed  to  scenes  and 
changes  and  can  rest  its  mind  in  quiet  meditation. 


The  merry  brooklet  as  it  passes  dancing  from  rock  to 
boulder,  do  you  expect  it  to  do  more  than  furnish  playground 
for  the  swift  finny  crowd,  or  a  mirror  for  the  golden  faces 
of  nodding  flowers?  Not  till  after  it  has  gathered  volume 
and  settled  down  to  a  quiet  stream  do  you  think  of  harness- 
ing its  power,  and  using  its  element  to  wet  the  thirsty  gar- 
den. So  the  child.  Give  it  healthful  play  and  joyful  pas- 
time, surrounded  by  the  most  cheering  environment  your 
mind  can  develop  and  your  means  can  employ.  As  age  adds 
to  its  strength  and  new  fields  are  opening  before  it,  it  will 
become  conscious  of  its  enlarging  abilities  and  seek  employ- 
ment to  accomplish  the  best  in  the  widest  influence  possible. 


The  smile  of  a  child  is  a  gleam  from  heaven. 

72 


Plate  No.  i 


Plate  No.  2 


rv 


Plate  No.  3 


Plate  No.  4 


Plate  No.  5 


Plate  No.  6 


Plate  No.  7 


Plate  No. 


Plate  No.  9 


INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Abutilon 27 

Acacia 21 

Acanthus 47 

Aconitum 36 

Acroclinium 43 

Agoseris 16 

Akebia 29 

Alder  (Alnus) -. 20 

Almond 24 

Amaryllis 42 

Ampelopsis 30 

Anemone 38,  41 

Anthyllis 40 

Antirrhinum 35 

Aralia 25 

Aristolochia 29 

Artichoke  (Cynara) 47 

Arundo ~. 46 

Ash  (Fraxinus) JL 25 

Asparagus ..  45 

Aspen  (Populus  tremula) 20 

Aster 43 

Bald  Cypress 21 

Bamboo 46 

Baby's  Breath 39 

Baby-blue-eye 43 

Barberry  (Berberis) 25 

Beet 45 

Bignonia  (Trumpet  Vine) 29 

Birch  (Betula) 20 

Blackberry 33 

Black-eyed  Susan 38 

Bleeding  Heart  (Dielythra) 36 

Blue  Grass  (Phleum  pratense) ...  48 

Boston  Ivy 30 

Breath-of-Heaven 25 

Brier  Rose 23 

Briza 46 

Broom  (Genista) 24 


Bush  Beans 45 

Buckeye  (Hippocastanum) 19 

Cactus 46 

Calif ornia  Poppy 43 

Calla 42 

Caladium 47 

Calliopsis 43 

Calyanthus  (Soap  or  Spice  Shrub)  24 

Camellia 47 

Canna  (Indian  Shot) 47 

Canterbury  Bell  (Campanula). .27,  39 

Caragana 25 

Carnation 39 

Carrot 45 

Castor  Bean  (Ricinus) 47 

Catalpa 25 

Cherokee  Rose 29 

Cherry 21,  24,  25 

Chimonanthus 24 

Christmas  Rose 36 

Christmas  Spruce  (Picea  excelsa)  26 

Clarkia 43 

Clematis 28 

Clianthus 26 

Climbing  Rose..: 29 

Cobsea 28 

Colchicum 42 

Columbine  (Aquilegia) 39 

Colutea 23 

Corchorus 27 

Corn 45 

Cornelian  Cherry  (Cornus  Mas)..  24 

Cornflower  (Gentaurea  Cyanus)..  43 

Cowslip  (Primula  vera) 37 

Crab  Apple 21 

Crocus 41,  42 

Crown  Imperial  (Fritillaria) 42 

Currant 33 

"    Golden  (Ribes  aureum)...  24 


73 


PAGE. 

CurrantPurple(Ribes  sanguineum)  24 

Cyclamen 36,  42 

Daffodil  (Narcissus) 41 

Dahlia 38 

Daisy 38,  48 

Damson 21 

Dandelion  (Leontodon  Tarax- 
acum)  16,  48 

Dead  Nettle 35 

Deutzia 24 

Dianthus 39 

Diosma 25 

Dodecatheon 36 

Dog-tooth  Violet 42 

Dracaena 47 

Duckplant 23 

Dutchman's  Pipe 29 

Elder  (Sambucus) 23 

Elephant's  Ear 47 

Elm  (Ulmus) 19,  25 

Eranthis 42 

Erythrina 26 

Erythronium 46 

Escheveria 46 

Eschscholtzia 43 

Exochorda 24 

Fairy  Maid  (Leucojumvernum)...  41 

Filbert  Nut  (Corylus) 22 

Flags  (Iris) 34 

Flowering  Quince  (Pyrus  Japon- 

ica) 22 

Forget-me-not 38 

Forsythia 24 

Foxgloves  (Digitalis) 36 

Fuchsia 26 

Gage 21 

Geranium 34 

Gilia., 43 

Gingko 21 

Gladiolus 34,  41 

Glycina  (Wistaria) 29 

Godetia 43 


Gooseberry 33 

Grapevines 30 

Gypsophila 39 

Halesia 24 

Hawthorn  (Crataegus) 20 

Hazelbush  (Corylus) 22 

Heather  (Erica) 25 

Heliotrope 27 

Hellebore 36 

Hen-and-Chickens 46 

Hepatica 38 

Holly  (Hex) 25 

Hollyhock  (Althaea) 39 

Honeysuckle  (Lonicera) 29 

Hoproot  (Humulus) 31 

Horse-beans  (Vicia  Faba) 45 

Horse-chestnut  (Hippocastanum)  19 

Hyacinth 42 

Hydrangea  (Hortensia)...27,  34,  39 

Hypericum 40 

Impatiens , 44 

Ixia 41 

Jasminum 27,  29,  31 

Johny-jump-up 36 

Kenilworth  Ivy 32,  46 

Kerria 27 

Kidney  Vetch 40 

Laburnum  (Golden  Chain) 24 

Lady  Washington 36 

Lamium 35 

Larch  (Larix) 21,  26 

Larkspur  (Delphinium) 36 

Lathyrus 35 

Lemon  Verbena   (Aloyisia  citri- 

odora) 27 

Leonotus 36 

Lettuce 45 

Lilac  (Syringa) 24 

Lilium 41 

Lily-of-the-Valley  (Convallaria)..  42 

Linaria 32,  35 

Linum...,  ....  43 


74 


Lionsmouth 35 

Liverwort 38 

Lobster  Claw 26 

Locust  (Robinia) 20 

Lophospermum 32 

Love-in-the-Mist  (Nigella) 43 

Lungwort 38 

Luphms 35 

Lychnis 39,  40 

Lysimachia 47 

Magnolia 25 

Maidenhair  Tree 21 

Maple  (Acer) 19 

Marguerite  (Chrysanthemum)....  38 

Medlar  (Mespihis) 22 

Michelmas  Daisy  (Aster) 38 

Mignonette  (Reseda) 43 

Mimosa 44 

Mimulus 35 

Mock  Orange  (Philadelphus) 24 

Moneywort 47 

Monck's  Hood 36 

Montbretia 41 

Morning  Glory   (Convolvolus 

major) 28 

Mother-of -Thousands 32 

Mountain  Ash  (Sorbus) 20 

Mulberry  (Morus) 19,  25 

Mullein  (Verbascum) 39 

Myriophyllum 46 

Narcissus 41 

Nasturtiums  (Tropaeolum) 32 

Nemophila 43 

New  Zealand  Flax 46 

Oak-leaved  Ash  (Sorbus) 20 

Ornithopus 40 

Oxalis 42 

Palm 47 

Pampas  (Gynerium) 46 

Pansy 34 

Parrot's  Feather 46 

Parsley 45 


Passion  Vine  (Passiflora) 28 

Paulownia 25 

Peach 24 

Pea  Vines  (Papilionacese) 35 

Pelargonium 36 

Pentastemon 35 

Peony  (Paeonie) 27 

Persimmon  (Diospyros) 22 

Phlox 39 

Phormium 46 

Plum 21,  24 

Plumbago 29 

Polyanthus 37 

Pomegranate  (Punica) 27 

Poplar  (Populus) 20 

Poppy  (Papaver) 43 

Portulaca 43 

Potato 45 

Pride-of-the-Meadow 39 

Primrose 37,  46 

Primula 37 

Pulmonaria 38 

Purple  Fringe  (Rhus  Gotinus)....  23 

Pussy  Willow  (Salix  Caprea) 24 

Pyrethrum 38 

Quince 22 

Radish • 45 

Ranunculus 42 

Raspberry 33 

Red-hot-poker  Plant 42 

Red  Robin 40 

Red-top  Clover  (Trifolium  pur- 

pureum) 40 

Reed 46 

Rhubarb  (Rheum) 47 

Ribbongrass  (Phalaris  arundin- 

acea  picta) 46 

Rosa  rugosa 23 

Roses 34 

Runners 32 

Salomon's  Seal  (Polygonatum)...  42 
Saxifraga 46 


75 


Sedges  (Salvia) 35 

Sedum 46 

Sempervivum 46 

Serradella 40 

Shooting  Star 36 

Silene 40 

SmokeTree  (Rhus  Cotinus)...23,  31 

Snake  Grass 46 

Snapdragon 35 

Snowball  (Viburnum) 24,  27 

Snowberry  (Symphoricarpos)....  23 

Snowdrop  (Galanthus) 41 

Spindle  Tree  (Elseagnus) 23 

Spiraea 24,  38 

Spruce  (Picea) 25 

Staphylea 23 

St.  John's  Wort 40 

Stonecrop 46 

Strawberry 45 

Succulents 46 

Sunflower 38,  43 

Sutherlandia 23 

Sweet  Pea  (Lathyrus  odoratus)..  35 

Tacsonia 28 

Tamarix...  ..  25 


Taxodium 21 

Tecoma 29 

Tigridia 41,  42 

Touch-me-not 44 

Trillium 42 

Tritoma 42 

Tropseolum  (Nasturtium  of  gar- 
dens)   32 

Tulip  Tree  (Liriodendron) 19 

Turnip 45 

Violas 35 

Violets 35 

Virginian  Creeper 30 

Vitis  riparia 30 

Water  Hyacinth  (Eichornia) 46 

Water-lily 46 

Watsonia 41,  42 

Weigelia 24 

White  Clover  (Trifolium  repens)  48 

Wichuraiana  Rose 29 

Willow 24,  25 

Winter  Aconite 42 

Wisteria  (Glycine) 29 

Xanthoceras. . .  24 


76 


"WHAT  WOULD  BE  FAIR, 

MUST  FIRST  BE  FIT.' 


GEO.  HANSEN, 

LANDSCAPE   ARCHITECT. 

Advisory  Architect  to  Park  Commissions,  Municipalities  and  Cemetery 
Associations. 


ADVICE,    SKETCHES,    DESIGNS,    OR    FULL 

WORKING    PLANS    FOR    PRIVATE   OR  SCENIC     TRACT, 

PUBLIC   GROUNDS,    SQUARES, 

CEMETERIES   AND   PARK   SYSTEMS, 

DIVISION   OF   SUBURBAN    PROPERTY  BERKELEY,      CAL. 

WORK    UNDERTAKEN    IN    ANY 

PART  OF  THE   COUNTRY 

77 


GEO.  HANSEN, 

LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECT, 

SCENIC    TRACT,    BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA. 
AUTHOR  OF 

Gbe  ©rcbifc  fbEbrf&s, 

Enumeration  and  classification  of  all  Orchid  Hybrids  described  (about 
3000).  334  pp.,  royal  octavo.  Price,  by  registered  mail,  $3.00. 

What  some  readers  said: 

MR.  W.  BULL,  Chelsea,  London: — "The  amount  of  labor  involved  must 
have  been  enormous.  Please  accept  my  congratulations." 

MR.  C.  C.  HURST,  Hinckley,  Leicestershire:— "An  admirable  work  of 
reference  *  *  *  *  a  never  failing  help." 

CURATOR  W.  B.  LATHAM,  Botanic  Garden,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham:— "I 
must  congratulate  you  on  being  the  first  to  attempt  such  a  work." 

MR.  T.  L.  MEAD,  Oviedo,  Florida: — "The  catalogue  part  of  your  book 
is  certainly  a  monumental  work,  and  with  the  promised  supplement  will  be 
simply  invaluable  and  indispensable  to  every  hybridizer  who  wishes  to  work 
intelligently." 

MR.  JAMES  R.  PITCHER,  Shorthills,  N.  J.:— "  I  found  it  of  such  absorb- 
ing interest,  that  I  did  not  lay  it  down  until  I  had  finished  reading  the  entire 
book.  You  prepared  it  with  great  care  and  correctness.  *  *  *  It 
should  have  a  large  sale  when  it  becomes  known  that  such  a  book  is  to  be 
had.  *  *  *  The  dedication  of  the  book  itself  is  a  classic  in  its  way.'' 

MR.  J.  E.  ROTHWELL,  Brookline,  N.  Y.:— "I  trust  that  you  will  keep 
up  your  work,  as  it  is  a  valuable  aid  to  us,  and  encourages  painstaking  and 
interest  in  the  subject." 

MESSRS.  JAMES  VEITCH  &  SON,  Chelsea,  London: — "We  shall  warmly 
recommend  your  book." 

Mr.  ALEX.  WRIGHT,  South  Norwood  Hill,  London: — "I  have  enjoyed 
the  reading  of  it.  Your  classification  may  be  a  little  too  far  in  advance 
for  some,  but  I  think  you  are  on  the  right  road,  and  it  must  be  adopted 
sooner  or  later.  No  one  can,  on  reading  your  book,  but  admire  the  perse- 
verance and  interest  you  have  taken  in  your  work." 

78 


DISTRIBUTOR  OF 

EXSICCATE 

jflora  ot  tbe  Sequoia  (Sigantea  IReglon. 

Collected  in  the  Counties  of  Amador,  Calaveras  and  Alpine,  California, 
at  altitudes  from  300  up  to  9000  feet. 

Sets  of  about  1000  species.  More  than  30  Novitates.  Price,  $7.00 
per  century.  Desiderata  to  any  amount  or  of  any  number. 

MY  SETS  ARE  REPRESENTED  IN 

UNITED  STATES— Shaw  Bot.  Gardens,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Leland  Stanford 
Jr.  University,  California;  Arnold  Arboretum,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.; 
Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  Gal.;  Dr.  Geo.  T.  Stevens,  New  York; 
Dr.  John  Hendley  Barnhart,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.;  Prof.  Edw.  L.  Greene, 
Catholic  University,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Marcus  E.  Jones,  Salt  Lake  City; 
Henry  Eggert,  East  St.  Louis,  Ills. 

GERMANY — Kgl.  Bot.  Museum,  Berlin;  Kgl.  Bot.  Museum,  Breslau; 
Prof.  Haussknecht,  Weimar;  Kgl.  Herbarium,  Dresden. 

SWITZERLAND— Herbier  Boissier,  Chambesy;  Herbier  Delessert,  Geneve; 
Musee  Cantonale,  Lousanne. 

ENGLAND — Royal  Bot.  Gardens,  Kew;  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
South  Kensington,  London;  Royal  Bot.  Garden,  Edinburgh. 

FRANCE — Prof.  E.  Drake  del  Castillo,  Paris;  Museum  d'  Histoire 
Nauturelle,  Paris. 

AUSTRIA— Kgl.  Bot.  Museum,  Wien;  Boehmische  Universitat,  Prag. 

ITALY — Institute  Botanico  Hanbury,  Genoa. 

RUSSIA — Imp.  Bot.  Gardens,  St.  Petersburg;  Hort.  Bot.  Jurjevensis, 
Dorpat. 

HUNGARY — Prof.  Richter  Laos,  Budapest. 

HOLLAND — 's  Rijks  Herbarium,  Leiden. 

EAST  INDIA— Royal  Bot.  Card.,  Sibpur,  Calcutta. 

79 


What  some  subscribers  had  to  say  about  them: 

PROF.  A.  BATALIN,  Dir.  Bot.  Gard.,  St.  Petersburg:— "I  express  my 
satisfaction  with  the  excellent  manner  of  preparation  and  state  of  preser- 
vation of  your  herbar  collection." 

Miss  A.  EASTWOOD,  Curator  Herbarium,  Academy  of  Sciences,  San 
Francisco,  Cal.: — "  *  *  *  they  are  perfectly  satisfactory  and  indis- 
pensable to  every  Californian  Herbarium." 

PROF.  DR.  K.  FRITSCH,  Dir.  Herbarium,  K.  K.  Universitaet,  Wien: — 
"  Ihre  Pflanzensendung  ist  sehr  reichhaltig  und  hochinteressant.  *  *  *  Ich 
kann  Ihre  Pflanzen  ruehmend  erwaehnen." 

PROF.  JOHN  Mum,  Martinez,  Cal.: — I  find  them  satisfactory  in  every 
way;  I  never  saw  better  specimens  or  any  more  neatly  and  carefully 
packed." 

DR.  GEORGE  T.  STEVENS,  New  York: — "I  have  never  seen  anything 
like  those  specimens.  The  original  green  of  the  leaves  and  the  fresh  tints 
of  the  flowers  make  them  look  as  though  they  were  just  taken  from  the 
field." 


AUTHOR  OF 

Wbere  tbe  Big  ftrees  ©row. 

Description  of  the  flora  in  the  Sequoia  Gigantea  region,  from  the 
travels  of  a  collector  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  50  cents. 

PROF.  WALTER  DEANE,  Cambridge,  Mass.- — "  I  read  it  with  much  in- 
terest and  profit.  I  enjoy  your  style,  so  different  from  most  sketches  of 
the  sort." 

ARTHUR  McEwEN's  LETTER,  San  Francisco: — "It  is  one  of  the  most 
delightful  mixtures  of  sentiment  and  scholarship  that  could  be  written." 


80 


